“Bhiza riri mubhaisikopo rinogara richiita basa rinokosha”

Mhura yaSally Gardner, yakambomhanya “pakamera”, yakaita sei budiriro kubva pakutorwa mifananidzo kuenda kumabhaisikopo? Sei Spielberg ari munhu uye Tarkovsky asiri? Chii chinonzi Gandalf chakafanana neOdin, uye mabhiza ane shato? Takataura naAnton Dolin nezvebasa rinoitwa nebhiza mubhaisikopo.

mifananidzo inofamba

Muna 1878, mutori wemifananidzo weAmerica Edward Muybridge, akatumwa nemupfuri webhiza Leland Stanford, akaita nhevedzano yemakadhi indexes “Bhiza Riri kufamba” (Bhiza Riri kufamba). Indekisi yekadhi yega yega ine mifananidzo mitanhatu kusvika gumi nembiri yenguva inoratidza kufamba kwebhiza. Nyaya dzinoti "Sally Gardner at a gallop" dzakawana mukurumbira pasi rose. Mapikicha akadhindwa muScientific American muna Gumiguru 19, 1878.

Zvinoenderana neyakajairwa vhezheni, Stanford akakakavadzana neshamwari dzake kuti panguva yekumhanya pane nguva apo bhiza risingabati pasi nechero mahwanda. Zvakava pachena mumifananidzo kuti makumbo mana haabati pasi panguva imwe chete, kunyange izvi zvichiitika chete apo makumbo ari "kuunganidzwa" pasi pemuviri, uye kwete "kutambanudza" kumashure uye mberi, sezvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo.

Munzanga yenyika yevanyori vemhuka, iyi mhedziso yakaita ruzha rukuru.

Mhedzisiro yebasa raMuybridge yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuita danho guru mukunzwisisa biomechanics yekufamba kwebhiza, uye yakanga yakakoshawo mukugadzirwa kwebhaisikopo.

Anton Dolin mutsoropodzi wemufirimu, mupepeti-mukuru wemagazini yeArt of Cinema, munyori wenyaya yeMeduza, munyori wemabhuku nezve cinema.

Kuedza kwaEdward Muybridge, uyo akatora mufananidzo webhiza achimhanya, akaita basa guru mukupenda uye mukudzidza kwebiomechanics yekufamba kwebhiza. Uye chii chaaive nacho pakuuya kwemabhaisikopo? Zvinokwanisika here kudana zvakaitika pakutanga munhoroondo ye cinema?

Ini ndaizoidaidza kuti "protokino" kana "prakino". Kazhinji, nhoroondo yekubuda kwemafirimu inogona kutoverengwa kubva kumatombo ematombo, kubva kuPlatonic Myth yeCave, kubva kune tsika yemifananidzo yeByzantine (hupenyu hwevatsvene - sei kwete bhodhi?). Aya kuyedza kuratidza mafambiro uye vhoriyamu, kuyedza kutevedzera hupenyu pasina kudzikisira kune schematic inomiririra. Zviri pachena kuti kutora mifananidzo kwakasvika pedyo neizvi, uye tinogona kutaura kuti apo yekutanga daguerreotypes yakaonekwa, yakanga yatova nguva yekugadzirwa kwebhaisikopo - "yakaumbwa", uye iyi "embryo" yakatanga kukura. Nguva yekuzvarwa, sezvatinoziva, inopokanawo nevanyori venhoroondo dzakasiyana. Chiitiko chaMuybridge chiri pakati chaipo pakati pekutora mifananidzo nebhaisikopo. Kwakatorwa mapikicha akawanda zvichitevedzana achifambisa, tinoona kutaridzika kwefirimu rakachekwa-chekwa kuita mafuremu.

Kuratidza kufamba kumwe chete ikoko, mufananidzo unonzwisisika waidiwa. Kune iyo cinema, yaive chitima, gare gare mota semucherechedzo wekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Zvechokwadi, bhiza rinogara nemunhu kwenguva yakareba, asi basa rayo rakafanana - kukurumidza kufamba. Naizvozvo, hazvisi masanga kuti akazovawo chiratidzo chechiitiko ichi.

Circus uye Wild West

VekuMadokero nemakona avo ese ekuona havagone kufungidzira pasina kushandisa mabhiza. Tiudze kuti rudzi urwu rwakazvarwa sei.

Iyo ngano yese yeWild West yakavakirwa pakutasva bhiza, kudzingirira uye kutambudzwa. Apo kumadokero kwakamira kuva masango, tsika dzekufambisa cowboy dzakashandurwa kuva zviratidzo (rodeos, somuenzaniso, inowanzovaraidzwa yevanhu). Kukosha kwebhiza mukusimudzirwa kwenyika kwarasika, asi kuratidzwa kwetsika dzemaequestrian emunharaunda zvakasara, izvo zvakatamirawo kune cinema. Usakanganwa, cinema ndiyo yega fomu yeunyanzvi yakazvarwa pamutambo. Kusiyana nevamwe vose vane midzi yechitendero.

Kukosha kwebhaisikopo sechitarisiko kwakanzwikwa zvakanaka naGeorges Méliès, mutambi wecircus akazova mutungamiriri uye muvambi wezvekutanga zvakakosha mhedzisiro. Pfungwa yekukwezva yakakosha kune iyi art.

Pfungwa inonakidza: bhiza chikamu chekisikisi, uye circus ndiyo inotungamira cinema. Saka, mabhiza anokwana mubhaisikopo.

Hapana mubvunzo. Tora chero bhaisikopo resekisi, kubva kuna Tod Browning's Freaks kana Charlie Chaplin's Circus kusvika kuWim Wenders' Sky Over Berlin kana Tim Burton's Dumbo, mabhiza anenge aripo nguva dzose. Bhiza rinomhanya mudenderedzwa chikamu chakakosha chemhepo yekisikisi, ichi chishamiso chakaitwa nevanhu. Nemutsara uyu, tinogona kutsanangura kwete chete circus, asiwo cinema.

Kana paine mabhiza akawanda mufuremu, uye kana ichinge yatorwa zvine simba, inozove rudzi rwekuita kwakakosha here?

Mabhiza mumafirimu anogara ari akakosha maitiro, kwete chete kana paine akawanda awo. Inogona kunge isina kuzviratidza nenzira iyi pakutanga kwezana remakore, muma1920 nema1930, asi munguva yehondo, kune munhuwo zvake anogara muguta, bhiza nemutasvi zvakava zvakakosha. Cinema, mushure mezvose, inonyanya kudhirowa yemudhorobha. Kuchovha uye kuva nezvombo zvemelee hunyanzvi husiri hudiki. Vari kutoenda kure neunyanzvi hunodiwa hwevatambi, sezvavaimbova, uye vachiva vekunze.

Zvichida chimwe chezvibodzwa zvinokatyamadza zvine chekuita nemabhiza mubhaisikopo ndiyo hombe yemujaho wengoro mufirimu ra1959 Ben Hur ...

Hongu, izvi zvinoshamisa! Usakanganwa - hapana munhu muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX akaona mujaho chaiwo wengoro. Unogona kuverenga nezvazvo, kuzviona pane ekare frescoes uye bas-reliefs, asi izvi hazvipe pfungwa yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXbkuti makwikwi aya aitaridzika sei. Uye mu "Ben-Hur" iyo yese show yakaratidzwa ichifamba. Uye zvakare - kukwezva kusati kwamboitika. Mumakore iwayo, iyo cinema yakatove, hongu, yakashandisa mhedzisiro, asi kusvika pakuuya kweSGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc - kambani yeAmerica nekuda kweiyo mapikicha ekombuta akatanga kushandiswa mucinema - ed.), achiona chimwe chinhu pachiratidziro. , vateereri vakatenda kuti izvi zviri kuitika chaizvoizvo. Panyaya yekubata kwayo pamunhu, inenge yakafanana nesekisi imwe chete.

Zvishoma nezve humanism

MuBen-Hur, mabhiza zvakare akarukwa kuita dramaturgy. Havasisiri hunhu hwenhoroondo - mabhiza ane basa rawo.

Chii chinonyanya kushanda nebhiza? Nokuti iye munhu mupenyu. Uyezve, yakabatana zvakasimba mupfungwa nemunhu. Bhiza rine hunhu nemaitiro, rine magumo aro. Kana bhiza rikafa, tinochema. Pane zvimwe zvisikwa zviviri zvakadaro pedyo nemunhu - imbwa nebhiza. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, mumwe wevanyori vakuru vakagadzira hunhu hwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akaita chiitiko chakakosha, akanyora Kholstomer, uko kutariswa kwevanhu kunotamiswa kubva kumunhu kuenda kumhuka. Ndokunge, bhiza harisi chete mudziyo wakanaka wekufamba muchadenga, ishamwari yako uye sahwira, shamwari, chiratidzo che "Ini" wako. Mumufirimu "Two Comrades Vaishumira", zviri pachena kuti kune hero Vysotsky bhiza rine mbiri, alter ego. Kwete shamwari chete, asi munhu ane nhamo. Naizvozvo, achiona kuti bhiza rinomhanyira sei chikepe, richizvitongera rufu, anozvipfura. Izvi, kazhinji, chiitiko kubva kune imwe gothic novel, apo gamba rinopfura kaviri, uye iye pachake anodonha akafa.

Nemafungiro emunhu kumhuka, munhu anogona kutonga hunhu hwake ...

Ehe saizvozvo! Kana isu tikatarisa kuMadokero uye tisati tanzwisisa kuti ndiani akanaka uye ndiani akaipa, pane mutemo wakajeka unogara uchishanda: tarisa imbwa yakarasika mufuremu. Ko gamba richaita sei naye? Kana akarova, munhu akaipa, kana achirova, akanaka.

Mabhiza akabairwa kutariswa angangove akatambura nemaitiro ekudhirowa seasina mamwe: zvakanyanya kubva mukudonha nekukuvara munzvimbo dzehondo. Sezviri pachena, pane imwe nguva, veruzhinji vakafarira zvakasara kuseri kwezviitiko, vakatanga kupomera indasitiri yemafirimu, uye mutsara unozivikanwa wakaonekwa mune zvikwereti "Hapana mhuka dzakakuvadzwa panguva yekudhirowa."

Hongu, ndizvozvo, uku ndiko kukura kwechisikigo kwenzanga. Zvichida mumakore 20-30 mauto ezvematongerwo enyika ane simba zvikuru munyika yose achava ayo anodzivirira kodzero dzemhuka. Cinema chiratidzo chenzanga, senge chero art. Kutaura nezvehutsinye muchimiro, Tarkovsky uye firimu rake "Andrei Rublev" pakarepo vanouya mupfungwa.

Iko muchiitiko nekurwiswa kweHorde, bhiza rinotyairwa pamasitepisi emapuranga, uye rinowira nemusana kubva paurefu hwe 2-3 metres ...

Tarkovsky aiva nyanzvi uye muzivi, asi zviri pachena kuti akanga asiri munhu. Zviri pachena kuti pano akaputsa nemaune hukama netsika yevanhu yezvinyorwa zveRussia. Haana tsitsi kwete kumhuka chete, asiwo kuvanhu. Asi hutsinye uhwu hachisi chinhu chakajairika chemubhaisikopo zvakadaro, zviri pahana yake.

CinemaCentaurs

Mutasvi webhiza anofananidzirei?

Murume ari pabhiza anowana simba guru - anova akareba, anokurumidza uye akasimba. Izvi, nenzira, zvakanzwisiswa nevekare, kana zvisina kudaro mufananidzo wecentaur waizobva kupi? Centaur chisikwa chemashiripiti chine simba rinopfuura revanhu, kumhanya, uye huchenjeri.

Firimu rinotipa muunganidzwa wakakura wemifananidzo yevatasvi vemabhiza ndiIshe weRings. Kubva kune inotyisa Nazgul nhema kuenda kuGandalf, chena yakamutswa mashiripiti. Vatasvi vemabhiza, somuenzaniso, vanokurumidza kuona kuti Gandalf ari kutyaira bhiza asina chigaro uye matomu. Peter Jackson ari kuita izvi nemaune here? Uye vataridziwo zvavo vanoona misiyano yakadaro here?

Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinoverengerwa intuitively. Hapana zivo yokuwedzera inodiwa. Uye, hongu, Jackson anoita izvi nechinangwa - achipfekedza bhiza mutambi anoremekedzwa weShakespearean Ian McKellen, anofunga nezvese zvese maererano nemabatiro aachaita mufuremu. Pachidzitiro, tiri kutoona mhedzisiro yekubvunzana kwakareba, nhaurirano, uye basa rakawanda rekugadzirira. Mabhiza aTolkien akakosha nekuti Ishe weRings ishanduro yeScandinavia chikamu cheSaxon mythology, yakachinjirwa kune imwe nyika yengano uko zvisingagoneke pasina mabhiza. Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti hukama hwaGandalf nebhiza hunodzokera kuna Odin, mwari mukuru weScandinavian, uye Sleipnir, bhiza rake remashiripiti ane makumbo masere. Mungano dzechihedheni, zvakakosha kuti mhuka nevanhu vakaenzana. Kusiyana nemuKristu, apo munhu ane mweya, asi mhuka dzinoita sedzisina, apo muAndrei Rublev Tarkovsky anogona kukwanisa kuputsa makumbo ebhiza kuratidza hukuru hwomunhu.

Hondo nemeso ebhiza

Ngatitaure nezveHondo yeHondo. Zvichida, kune vateereri vakawanda uyu mufananidzo unopfuura, asi kwete kune vanoda bhiza! Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti: sei Steven Spielberg akazvipira kuipfura iye pachake? Pakazosvika gore ra2010, atova mugadziri mukuru, akapfura ma blockbusters akati wandei uye, zvinoita sekunge, atotaura zvese zvaaida kutaura mubhaisikopo. Uye pano, haasi kungotora mutambo wemauto pamusoro pebhiza, asiwo anozvipfura pachake, semutungamiriri?

Kuti upindure mubvunzo uyu, unofanirwa kunzwisisa Spielberg. Haatambe mwana wekusingaperi, ndiye chaiye. Haana chishuvo che "munyori mukuru weEurope" anoda kuzviratidza kuburikidza nerimwe firimu, anowira murudo neprojekiti nyowani zviri nyore, anotora zviri nyore zvinhu zvemumwe munhu ("War Horse" ibhuku rakanyorwa naMark Morpurgo. iyo mutambo wakaitwa). Zvakanga zvakafanana nefirimu rake rekutanga. Shaya igadziriso yenovhero naPeter Benchley. Spielberg akanga atofarira mhuka, dzose dzinotyisa uye dzakanaka. Uye zvitendwa zverudo urwu zvinogona kurondwa mumafirimu ake mazhinji, kusvika kune ane hunhu hwakanaka fox terrier Milu muThe Adventures yeTintin.

Kuronga mu "War Horse" kunoshamisa: inyaya yehondo iyo isingapfuuri nemunhu, sezvatakajaira, kutanga kubva kuna Homer's "Iliad", asi bhiza. Pano bhiza rinoshandura vanhu, uye kwete zvinopesana. Uye iyi pfungwa yakanaka! Uye kunyangwe kunze kweiyo neo-humanistic paradigm yemazuva ano, uko kwatiri isu mhuka inoshanduka kuva inonakidza kupfuura munhu, izvi zvinonyanya kunakidza sekudzoreredza kwechinyakare chiitiko. Uye handingatauri kuti izvi zvinowanzoitwa mumafirimu - kukweva bhiza chairo mhenyu kuburikidza nekupfura uku uye yakakosha mhedzisiro ibasa rakaoma zvakanyanya rakagadziriswa naSpielberg. Kureva kuti paivewo nedambudziko rehunyanzvi. Ndine chokwadi chokuti Spielberg akatora pfungwa iyi zvakakomba, akadanana nemunhu ane makumbo mana, uye akaita kuti mufananidzo uyu uve wechokwadi.

Kubva munzvimbo yekufungidzira

Munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaburitsa firimu idzva naViggo Mortensen "Fall". Chiito ichi chinoitika kuseri kwedanga. Zvakakodzera here kutsvaga zvimwe zvakakosha pano mumabhiza mufirimu iri?

Mabhiza haambove mumafirimu akadaro. Ndivo chinhu chipenyu chinobatanidza munhu nemasikirwo. Zvisikwa chinhu chisingaperi, uye chaivepo vanhu vasati vasvika, uye chii chicharamba chiripo. Chiyeuchidzo chenguva yedu. Asi munhu ane mweya, pfungwa, chipo chekutaura. Bhiza riri pakati, sezvakaita imbwa, nenzira.

Takatotaura kuti munhu wemazuva ano anowanzoona bhiza kekutanga chaizvo mu cinema. Zvimwe tinofanirawo kutenda kune cinema nekuchengeta mabhiza muhupenyu hwedu.

Bhiza chikamu chekufunga kwedu, chikamu chenyika yedu, chave chiri uye chinoramba chiri shamwari yemunhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Zviri pachena kuti basa rayo renhau rakachinja zvikuru. Asi kuvepo kwake kwese mune art kuri pano kugara. Kana rimwe zuva vagadziri vemafirimu vakarambidzwa kuita mafirimu ekare, ndine chokwadi chekuti vaizoziva kuti vangabatanidza sei mabhiza mune yazvino kana ramangwana. Zvakafanana nezvidhoma. Ivo havaratidzike kuvapo, asi hunyanzvi hunogara huchivadzosa muhupenyu hwedu, huchivaita chikamu chenyika yedu. Kuvepo chaiko kwemabhiza pasi pano kunenge kusina mhedzisiro pakuvapo kwebhiza mungano yekufungidzira. Uye bhaisikopo, kunyangwe iyo inonyanya kuitika, ndeyenzvimbo yekufungidzira.

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