Kuchengetwa kwembwa

Kurebesa muitiro wekupfuya imbwa yakaramba yakavanzika. Hapana aigona kutaura kuti vakave sei shamwari dzedu dzepamwoyo - avo vanonzwisisa kwete chete kubva pahafu-shoko, asiwo kubva pahafu-kutarisa. Zvisinei, ikozvino tinogona kusimudza chifukidziro pane chakavanzika ichi. Uye vakabatsira kuburitsa chakavanzika ichi ... makava! 

Mumufananidzo: makava akabatsira kugadzirisa chakavanzika chekuchengetwa kwembwa

Kuedza kwaDmitry Belyaev nemakava: chakavanzika chekuchengetwa kwembwa chakaziviswa here?

Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei, Dmitry Belyaev akaita ongororo yakasarudzika pane imwe yemapurazi emvere dzeSiberia, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi kurima uye kutsanangura hunhu hwakasiyana hune imbwa. Masayendisiti akawanda anogutsikana kuti kuedza kwaBelyaev ndiro basa guru pane genetics yezana remakore rechi20. Kuedza kunoenderera nanhasi, kunyange mushure mekufa kwaDmitry Belyaev, kwemakore anopfuura 55.

Chinhu chekuedza chiri nyore kwazvo. Papurazi rehudzi uko kwakazvarwa makava matsvuku akajairwa, Belyaev aive nevanhu vaviri vemhuka. Makava kubva muboka rekutanga akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano, zvisinei nehunhu hupi zvahwo. Uye makava eboka rechipiri, kuyedza, vakapasa bvunzo iri nyore pazera remwedzi 2. Murume uya akasvika pachizarira, akaedza kudhumana negava ndokuribata. Kana gava rairatidza kutya kana hasha, harina kutora chikamu mukuwedzera kubereka. Asi kana gava rakazvibata nenzira inofarira uye noushamwari kumunhu, raipfuudza majini ake kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Mhedzisiro yekuedza yaishamisa. Mushure mezvizvarwa zvakati wandei, huwandu hwakasiyana hwemakava hwakaumbwa, izvo zvakaratidza zvakajeka kuti kupfuya kunobata sei mhuka.

Mumufananidzo: gava kubva kuboka rekuedza raDmitry Belyaev

Zvinoshamisa kuti, pasinei nokuti kusarudzwa kwaiitwa chete neunhu (kusava nehasha, ushamwari uye kufarira kune vanhu), makava mushure mezvizvarwa zvakawanda akatanga kusiyana zvikuru kubva kune akajairwa makava matsvuku pakuonekwa. Vakatanga kukudziridza nzeve dzakaputika, miswe yakatanga kupeta, uye ruvara rwemavara rwakasiyana zvikuru - sezvatinoona mumbwa. Paitova nemakava mapiebald. Chimiro chedehenya chakashanduka, uye makumbo ave akaonda uye akareba.

Tinogona kuona kuchinja kwakafanana mumhuka dzakawanda dzakapfuyiwa. Asi pamberi pekuedza kwaBelyaev, pakanga pasina uchapupu hwokuti kuchinja kwakadaro muchitarisiko kunogona kukonzerwa chete nekusarudzwa kwehumwe unhu hweunhu.

Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti nzeve dzakarembera uye mhete miswe ndeye, musimboti, mhedzisiro yehupenyu papurazi rehudzi, uye kwete yekuyedza sarudzo. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti makava kubva muboka rekutonga, ayo asina kusarudzirwa hunhu hwavo, haana kuchinja pakuonekwa uye akaramba ari echinyakare makava matsvuku.

Makava eboka rekuedza akachinja kwete mukuonekwa chete, asiwo mukuita, uye zvakanyanya. Vakatanga kukwenya miswe, kuhukura uye kuhwihwidza zvakanyanya kupfuura makava aiva muboka rekutonga. Makava ekuedza akatanga kuedza kutaura nevanhu.

Kuchinja kwakaitikawo pamwero wehomoni. Muhuwandu hwekuedzwa kwemakava, chiyero che serotonin chaive chakakwirira kudarika muboka rekutonga, iro, zvakare, rakaderedza dambudziko rechisimba. Uye chiyero che cortisol mumhuka dzekuedza chaive, pane zvinopesana, chakaderera kupfuura muboka rekutonga, izvo zvinoratidza kuderera kwemazinga ekushushikana uye kuderedza kurwisana-kana-ndege mhinduro.

Zvinoshamisa, haufungi?

Saka, tinogona kutaura chaizvo kuti kupfuya chii. Domestication isarudzo ine chinangwa chekudzikisa huwandu hwehasha, kuwedzera kufarira mumunhu uye chishuwo chekudyidzana naye. Uye zvimwe zvese imhando yemhedzisiro.

Domestication yembwa: mikana mitsva yekukurukurirana

Musayendisiti weAmerica, anthropologist uye muongorori wembwa Brian Hare akaita chiitiko chinonakidza nemakava, akazvarwa semugumisiro wekuedza kwaDmitry Belyaev.  

Musayendisiti akashamisika kuti imbwa dzakadzidza sei kutaurirana zvine hunyanzvi nevanhu, uye akafungidzira kuti izvi zvinogona kunge zviri mhedzisiro yekugara. Uye ndiani, kana asiri makava epamba, anogona kubatsira kusimbisa kana kuramba iyi fungidziro?

Makava ekuyedza akapihwa mitambo yekutaurirana yekuongorora uye akaenzaniswa nemakava kubva kuboka rekutonga. Zvakazoitika kuti makava akachengetwa akaverenga zvakakwana maitiro evanhu, asi makava kubva kuboka rekutonga haana kuita basa racho.  

Sezvineiwo, masayendisiti akapedza nguva yakawanda achidzidzisa makava madiki muboka rekutonga kuti anzwisise maitiro evanhu, uye dzimwe mhuka dzakafambira mberi. Nepo makava kubva muboka rekuyedza akatsemura mapuzzle senzungu pasina kugadzirira kwekutanga - kunge imbwa dzevana.

Saka tinogona kutaura kuti mhumhi cub, kana yakashingairira kushamwaridzana uye kudzidziswa, ichadzidza kushamwaridzana nevanhu. Asi kunaka kwembwa ndekwekuti dzine hunyanzvi uhu kubva pakuzvarwa.

Kuedza kwakaomeswa nekubvisa mibairo yezvokudya uye kuunza mibairo yemagariro. Mutambo wacho waive nyore. Murume wacho akabata chimwe chematoyi maduku maviri, uye chimwe nechimwe chetoyi yacho, payakabatwa, chaiita ruzha rwaifanira kufadza makava. Kare, vaongorori vaive nechokwadi chekuti matoyi acho pachawo anokwezva kumhuka. Zvaifadza kuona kuti makava aizobata chitoyi chimwe chete nemunhu wacho, kana kusarudza chimwe chisina “kusvibiswa” neanoedza. Uye panguva yekuedza kwekutonga, munhu akabata imwe yematoyi kwete neruoko, asi nemanhenga, ndiko kuti, akapa "isina-social" zano.

Migumisiro yacho yainakidza.

Apo makava eboka rekuedza paakaona kuti munhu akanga achibata chimwe chematoyi, kazhinji kacho akasarudzawo chitoyi ichi. Nepo kubata chitoyi nemunhenga hazvina kukanganisa zvavanoda munzira ipi neipi, mune iyi sarudzo yaive yakasarudzika.

Makava eboka rekudzora aiita zvakapesana chaizvo. Vakaratidza kusafarira toyi yabatwa nemunhu.

Kupfuyiwa kwembwa kwakaitika sei?

Muchokwadi, iko zvino chifukidziro chekuvanzika pamusoro penyaya iyi chakazaruka.

Mumufananidzo: makava kubva kuboka rekuedza raDmitry Belyaev

Hazvibviri kuti mumwe murume wekare akambosarudza kuti: “Eya, haisi pfungwa yakaipa kudzidzisa mapere akati wandei kuvhima pamwe chete.” Zvinoratidzika zvakanyanya kuti pane imwe nguva mhumhi yakasarudza vanhu seshamwari uye yakatanga kugara pedyo, semuenzaniso, kutora chikafu chakasara. Asi ava vaifanirwa kunge vari mapere asina hasha kupfuura hama dzavo, vasinganyare uye vanoda kuziva.

Mhumhi dzatove zvisikwa zvine chinangwa chekudyidzana - uye pamwe vakaziva kuti zvinogoneka kusangana nevanhu zvakare. Vakanga vasingatyi vanhu, havana kuratidza utsinye, vakaziva nzira itsva dzekukurukurirana uye, uyezve, vaiva neunhu uhwu hwakanga husina munhu - uye, zvichida, vanhu vakaonawo kuti izvi zvinogona kuva hukama hwakanaka.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, kusarudzwa kwechisikigo kwakaita basa rayo, uye mapere matsva akaonekwa, akasiyana nehama dzavo pakuonekwa, ane ushamwari uye akatarisana nekudyidzana nevanhu. Uye kunzwisisa munhu kwete kunyange kubva pahafu-shoko, asi kubva pahafu-kutarisa. Chokwadi, idzi ndidzo dzaiva imbwa dzokutanga.