Chii chinonzi kudzidzira imbwa dzinoshanda?

Kubva ku classical conditioned reflex yakatumidzwa zita re IP Pavlov, iyi reflex inosiyana pakuti inobva pakuita basa rine chinangwa remhuka, rinokonzerwa nerumwe rudzi rwechido. Uye kusimbiswa panguva imwe chete ndiyo mhedzisiro yeichi chiitiko chinoshanda uye chine chinangwa. Nepo iine classical conditioned reflex, iyo yekusimbisa ndiyo isina kuvharwa, kana ingori yechipiri kukurudzira.

Kudzidza kwekushanda kwakawanikwa nemusayendisiti wekuAmerica EL Thorndike nekuda kwehungwaru hwekatsi nembwa. Chokwadi ndechekuti Thorndike, achiona kugona kwemhuka kudzidza, akagadzira keji yakakosha ine gonhi rine kiyi iri nyore. Achivhara katsi nembwa mukeji iyi, akatarisa nekufara kwemusayendisiti sezvo vanun’una vake vakadzidza kuvhura suo iri. Uye hama nehanzvadzi duku dzakadzidza kuzarura suo kupfurikidza nokuedza kwakasiyana-siyana, kumwe kwakabudirira, uye kumwe hakuna. Naizvozvo, Thorndike akadana nzira yekudzidza yaakawana "kuedza nekukanganisa."

Chimiro chendangariro, zvisinei, iyi nzira yokudzidza yakadanwa gare gare zvikuru nomumwe musayendisiti anosanozivikanwa weAmerica, BF Skinner, uyo akapa upenyu hwake hwose hwesayenzi kwairi. Ndicho chikonzero, pakati pemadzibaba akati wandei eiyo oparenti reflex, Skinner anoonekwa sebaba vakuru. Zvisinei, mukururamisira, tinocherechedza kuti kwenguva yekutanga munyika, kudzidziswa kunobva pakudzidzira kushanda kwakatsanangurwa nemudzidzisi wedu anoshamisa Vladimir Durov mubhuku rake "Animal Training. Kuongorora kwepfungwa pamhuka dzakadzidziswa maererano nenzira yangu. 40 makore echiitiko. " Nokudaro, iwe unogona kuverenga nezveRussia shanduro yekudzidzira kushanda mubhuku raVladimir Durov, uye shanduro yeAmerica yekudzidzira kushanda inotsanangurwa zvakanaka mubhuku "Usakurira imbwa!" nenyanzvi yepfungwa uye mudzidzisi Karen Pryor, izvo, nenzira, ini ndinokupawo zano kuti uverenge.

Skinner's general nzira yekudzidzira kushanda inogona kutsanangurwa mumatanho anotevera:

danho rekushayiwa. Izvi ndizvo zvakanzi Skinner nhanho iyi muma30s. Nekudaro, ikozvino nhanho iyi inofanirwa kunzi "danho rekusarudza nekugadzira chakakosha chinodiwa."
Kana uchigadzira oparenti conditioned reflex, zvinenge zvese zvinodiwa zvinozivikanwa nembwa zvinogona kushandiswa, asi Skinner akashandisa chikafu chinodiwa kakawanda. Uye chirevo chedanho rekunyima chaive chekuti Skinner angave akadyisa mhuka kwechinguva, kana kudziuraya nenzara. Zvaitendwa kuti kusimbiswa kwechikafu kwakangove kwakakosha kumhuka uye kunoshanda pakudzidza apo mhuka iyi yakarasikirwa ne20% yehuremu hwayo hwehupenyu. Oh nguva, o tsika!
Nhanho yekuumbwa kwekusimbiswa kwezvokudya zvakagadziriswa. Mukutsvagisa kwake, Skinner akashandisa otomatiki feeders, ruzha rwaifanirwa kuve chiratidzo kumhuka pakuonekwa kwepellet yekudya. Uye izvi zvakatora nguva. Danho rakanzi rakapera apo, mukupindura kurira kwemudyisa, gonzo rakabva ramhanyira kunodyisa.
Muchokwadi, iyi nhanho ndeyekuumbwa kweiyo classical conditioned sound reflex nekusimbisa chikafu. Iyo inoshandawo sehwaro hweiyo inonzi clicker kudzidziswa - nzira yekudzidzira uchishandisa conditioned inonzwika chikafu chikafu chinosimbisa.
Uye isu tinofanirwa kubvuma kuti chikoro chekudzidzira basa chinosiyanisa zvakanaka kubva mudzimba dzechinyakare kudzidziswa nekutarisisa uko kudzidziswa kwekushanda kunobhadhara kune nyaya yekusimbisa. Kunyanya kunaka uye probabilistic kusimbisa.
Danho rekuita maitiro. Semaitiro emuenzaniso, Skinner akadzidzisa makonzo ake kudzvanya pedal nenjiva dzake kubaya kiyi. Kuumbwa kwekuita kwekutsikirira pedal kwakaitwa mune imwe yenzira nhatu: nekuedza uye kukanganisa (kungoitika kuumbwa), nekunangwa kana kutevedzana kuumbwa uye nenzira yechinangwa.
Maumbirwo echisikigo aisanganisira kuti mhuka, ichifamba nepakati pebhokisi reSkinner, yakadzvanya netsaona pedal uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakabatana nekuitsikirira pamwe nekuiswa kweiyo otomatiki feeder.
Munguva yekuumbwa kwegwara, muongorori akabatidza otomatiki feeder, kutanga achisimbisa chero chinongedzo chakananga kune pedal, obva aswedera pairi, uye pakupedzisira achitsikirira. Wadii kuclicker kudzidziswa!
Uye nzira yaivavarirwa yaive yekuti pellet yechikafu yakanamirwa pakiyi, kuyedza kuibvisa kwakatungamira mukutsikirira lever.
Nzira yemazuva ano yekudzidzira kwekushanda kwekutanga maitiro anodiwa inobvumira kushandiswa kweanenge nzira dzose dzinozivikanwa dzekupesvedzera mhuka. Nekudaro, zvinoonekwa sezvisingashande kushandisa aversive (zvinotungamira kumarwadzo kana kusagadzikana) mhedzisiro.
Kuunza maitiro pasi pekutonga kwekukurudzira kana kuunza mutsauko wekusiyanisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuunzwa kwe conditioned stimulus kana command.
Skinner nevatsigiri vake vaitenda kuti kuumbwa kwechiito uye kufambirana kwacho kunoenderana nekurudziro ine conditioned (command) zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana. Uye kuenzanisa panguva imwe chete yezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana kunoomesa kudzidza. Naizvozvo, vashandi vechinyakare vanotanga vaumba hunhu, vozoisa murairo.
Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti mukudzidza kunoshanda, kurudziro yekusiyanisa kazhinji hausi murairo mukunzwisisa kwedu. Chikwata chakafanana nehurongwa, handizvo here? Tinowanzozvidudzira nenzira iyi. Kurudziro yekusiyanisa iruzivo rwekuti iko zvino kuitwa kwemaitiro kunonyanya kushanda uye kazhinji kunogoneka. Nokudaro, "murairo" mukudzidzira kwekushanda kune basa rekubvumira uye kubvumira maitiro kuti aitwe.
Kuti zvijeke, ngationgororei kuiswa kwegirobhu rechiedza muchiyedzo sechinhu chinosiyanisa. Saka, gonzo rakadzidzira kutsika pedal uye rinodzvanya parinoda kudya. Mutsvaguri anobatidza mwenje kwemasekonzi akati wandei uye ogadzira mamiriro ekudzvanya pedal chete kana mwenje wabatidzwa unotungamira kunopihwa chikafu. Uye kana chiedza chikadzima, zvisinei kuti ukadzvanya zvakadii, unenge uine musanganiswa weminwe mitatu! Ndiko kuti, kuiswa kwegirobhu yemwenje kunogadzira, kuparadzanisa, kusiyanisa, kusiyanisa mamiriro akasiyana. Uye gonzo rinobva ratanga kunzwisisa. Uye sezvo achinyatsoda kudya (aine chido chekudya!), Zvino, paanoona girobhu rakabatidzwa, anobva amhanya achienda kune chinotsika uye, zvakanaka, chidzvanya! Kubva kunze, zvinoita sekunge girobhu rakabatidzwa rinogadzira gonzo, rinoriraira kuti ridzvanye pedal. Asi zvino mava kunzwisisa kuti hazvina kudaro. Kana mwenje wavheneka, inoti: Zvino unogona kudzvanya pedal. Asi chete!
Kusimbisa maitiro. Kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro akaumbwa kune hunyanzvi kunoitwa nekudzokorora uchishandisa probabilistic reinforcement. Izvo zvinobatsirawo kushandisa zvakasiyana zvinodiwa zveizvi uye, zvinoenderana, shandisa zvinosimbisa zvakasiyana.
Iyo yekumba vhezheni yeinoshanda nzira yekudzidziswa, kubva kuna Vladimir Durov, inosiyana chete nekuti inokutendera iwe kuti utange nekukurumidza kusuma mukuru kukurudzira (kuraira, kusiyanisa kukurudzira, kwakamisikidzwa kukurudzira). Kudzidzira kunoratidza kuti hunyanzvi hunoumbwa pasina kunonoka pane nehunyanzvi hwakaunzwa kunze kwenyika. Uye sezvo ichikubvumira kubvisa danho rose, inochengetedza nguva. Saka zvine musoro kutsigira mugadziri wepamba wekudzidzisa matekiniki!