Chii chinonzi moyo weamphibians: tsananguro yakadzama uye maitiro

Amphibians ndevekirasi yezvipembenene zvine makumbo mana, muchikamu ichi chinosanganisira zviuru zvitanhatu nemazana manomwe marudzi emhuka, kusanganisira matatya, salamanders uye newts. Kirasi iyi inoonekwa seishoma. Kune marudzi makumi maviri nemasere muRussia uye mazana maviri nemakumi mana nenomwe marudzi muMadagascar.

Amphibians ndeyemhuka dzepasi pekare, dzinotora nzvimbo yepakati pakati pemhuka dzemumvura nedzepanyika, nekuti mhuka zhinji dzinoberekana nekukura munzvimbo dzemumvura, uye vanhu vakakura vanotanga kugara panyika.

Amphibians vane mapapu, iyo yavanofema, kutenderera kweropa kunosanganisira madenderedzwa maviri, uye mwoyo une makamuri matatu. Ropa mune amphibians rakakamurwa kuita venous uye arterial. Kufamba kweamphibians kunoitika nerubatsiro rwemakumbo ane zvigunwe zvishanu, uye vane majoini akatenderera. Muzongoza nedehenya zvinofambiswa. Iyo palatine square cartilage inosanganiswa neiyo autostyle, uye iyo himandibular inova iyo inonzwika ossicle. Kunzwa mune amphibians kwakanyanya kukwana kupfuura muhove: kunze kwemukati nzeve, kunewo nzeve yepakati. Meso akajaira kuona zvakanaka ari kure kure.

Panyika, amphibians haana kunyatsogadziriswa kuti ararame - izvi zvinogona kuonekwa munhengo dzose. Kupisa kweamphibians kunoenderana nehunyoro uye tembiricha yenzvimbo yadzo. Kugona kwavo kufamba nekufamba panyika kunogumira.

Kutenderera uye circulatory system

Amphibians vane moyo une makamuri matatu, inosanganisira ventricle uye atria muhuwandu hwezvidimbu zviviri. Mune caudate uye isina makumbo, kurudyi uye kuruboshwe atria hazvina kuparadzaniswa zvachose. Anurans ane septum yakakwana pakati pe atria, asi amphibians ane imwechete yakavhurika iyo inobatanidza ventricle kune ese atria. Mukuwedzera, mukati memwoyo weamphibians kune sinus venous, iyo inogamuchira ropa remhepo uye inotaurirana neatrium yakarurama. Iyo arterial cone inobatana nemoyo, ropa rinodururirwa mariri kubva mumhepo.

Iyo conus arteriosus ine spiral valve, iyo inogovera ropa mumapeya matatu emidziyo. Indekisi yemoyo ndiyo chiyero chemoyo uremu kusvika muzana yehuremu hwemuviri, zvinoenderana nekuti inoshanda sei mhuka. Somuenzaniso, uswa nematatya egirinhi zvinofamba zvishomanene uye ane kurova kwemwoyo kuri pasi pehafu muzana. Uye datya rinoshanda rinenge riine chikamu chimwe kubva muzana.

Mune mhute yeamphibian, kutenderera kweropa kune imwe denderedzwa, ropa ravo rekupa ropa rakafanana nehove: imwe atrium mumoyo uye ventricle, kune arterial cone branching mu 4 pairs of gill arteries. Mitsipa mitatu yekutanga yakakamukana kuita capillaries mugill kunze uye mukati, uye branchial capillaries inobatana mubranchial arteries. Iyo arteri inotakura yekutanga branchial arch inoparadzaniswa kuva carotid arteries, iyo inopa musoro neropa.

gill arteries

Kubatanidza wechipiri nechitatu efferent branchial arteries nekurudyi uye kuruboshwe midzi yeaortic uye kubatana kwavo kunoitika mudorsal aorta. Iyo yekupedzisira maviri yebranchial arteries haina kupatsanurwa kuita capillaries, nekuti pane yechina arch kupinda mukati uye kunze gill, iyo aorta yekumashure inoyerera ichipinda mumidzi. Kuvandudzwa uye kuumbwa kwemapapu kunoperekedzwa nekutenderera kwekutenderera.

Iyo atrium yakakamurwa neiyo longitudinal septum kuruboshwe uye kurudyi, zvichiita kuti moyo uve nemakamuri matatu. Iyo network ye capillaries inoderedzwa uye inoshanduka kuita carotid arteries, uye midzi ye dorsal aorta inotangira kubva pambiri mbiri, iyo caudate inochengeta yechitatu peya, nepo yechina inoshanduka kuita ganda-pulmonary arteries. The circulatory peripheral system inoshandurwawo uye inowana chimiro chepakati pakati pechirongwa chepasi uye chemvura. Kugadziridza kukuru kunoitika muamphibian anurans.

Amphibians vakuru vane moyo ine makamuri matatu: imwe ventricle uye atria muhuwandu hwezvidimbu zviviri. The venous thin-walled sinus inobatana neatrium kudivi rekurudyi, uye arterial cone inobuda kubva muventricle. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mwoyo une zvikamu zvishanu. Kune kuvhurika kwakajairwa, nekuda kweiyo atria inovhurika mukati me ventricle. Iwo atrioventricular mavharuvhu anowanikwawo ipapo, haabvumidze ropa kupinda mukati meatrium apo ventricle inobvumirana.

Iko kune kuumbwa kwenhamba yemakamuri anotaurirana kune mumwe nemumwe nekuda kwemuscular outgrowths ye ventricular masvingo - izvi hazvibvumi kuti ropa risanganiswe. Iyo arterial cone inosimuka kubva kuright ventricle, uye spiral cone iri mukati mayo. Kubva pane iyi cone arterial arches inotanga kubva muhuwandu hwemaviri matatu, pakutanga midziyo ine membrane yakafanana.

Kuruboshwe uye kurudyi pulmonary arteries tanga kubva pakona. Ipapo midzi yeaorta inotanga kubva. Maviri ebrazial arches anoparadzanisa tsinga mbiri: subclavian uye occipital-vertebral, dzinopa ropa kumberi uye tsandanyama dzemuviri, uye dzinobatanidza mudorsal aorta pasi pemutsara. The dorsal aorta inopatsanura simba re enteromesenteric artery (iyi tsinga inopa dumbu rekudya neropa). Kana ari mamwe matavi, ropa rinoyerera kuburikidza nedorsal aorta kusvika kumakumbo ekumashure uye kune dzimwe nhengo.

Carotid arteries

Iyo carotid arteries ndiyo yekupedzisira kubva kune arterial cone uye yakakamurwa kuva mukati nekunze tsinga. Ropa re venous kubva kumakumbo eshure uye chikamu chemuviri chiri kumashure chinounganidzwa neiyo sciatic uye femoral tsinga, iyo inobatanidza mu renal portal tsinga uye inoputika kuita capillaries muitsvo, ndiko kuti, renal portal system inoumbwa. Iwo tsinga dzinobva kuruboshwe nekurudyi tsinga dzechikadzi dzobatana mutsinga yedumbu isina kubatanidzwa, inoenda kuchiropa ichitevedza madziro edumbu, saka inotsemuka kuita capillaries.

Muchikamu chechiropa chechiropa, ropa rinounganidzwa kubva mumitsipa yezvikamu zvose zvemudumbu uye mumatumbo, muchiropa chinoputika kuva capillaries. Ikoko kune kuwirirana kwerenal capillaries mumitsipa, iyo inoputika uye inoyerera ichipinda mumashure asina kukwana vena cava, uye mitsipa inotambanukira kubva kumakumbo epabonde inoyererawo ipapo. Iyo posterior vena cava inopfuura nemuchiropa, asi ropa iro rinenge risingapindi muchiropa, tsinga duku kubva pachiropa dzinoyerera ichipinda mukati mayo, uye iyo, zvakare, inoyerera ichienda kune venous sinus. Yese caudate amphibians uye mamwe anurans anochengeta cardinal posterior veins, iyo inoyerera ichienda kune anterior vena cava.

arterial blood, iyo yakasvibiswa muganda, inounganidzwa mumutsara wakakura wekucheka, uye tsinga yekucheka, inotakurawo, inotakura ropa re venous mu subclavian vein zvakananga kubva kune brachial vein. Iyo subclavia tsinga dzinobatana nemukati nekunze jugular tsinga kupinda kuruboshwe anterior vena cava, iyo inodurura mutsinga. Ropa kubva ipapo rinotanga kuyerera muatrium kurudyi. Mumapulmonary veins, ropa reropa rinounganidzwa kubva mumapapu, uye tsinga dzinoyerera dzichipinda muatrium kuruboshwe.

Arterial ropa uye atria

Kana kufema kuri pulmonary, ropa rakasanganiswa rinotanga kuungana muatrium kudivi rekurudyi: rine venous uye arterial ropa, venous ropa rinobva kumadhipatimendi ese kuburikidza nevena cava, uye arterial ropa rinouya nemutsinga dzeganda. arterial blood inozadza atrium kurutivi rworuboshwe, ropa rinobva mumapapu. Kana kuputika panguva imwe chete yeatria kunoitika, ropa rinopinda mumhepo, kukura kwemadziro emudumbu hakubvumiri ropa kusanganiswa: ropa re venous rinonyanya kutungamirira mumhepo yakarurama, uye ropa reropa rinonyanya kupinda mumhepo yekuruboshwe.

An arterial cone inobuda mu ventricle kudivi rekurudyi, saka kana ventricle yapinda mucone, ropa re venous rinotanga kupinda, iro rinozadza ganda pulmonary arteries. Kana iyo ventricle ikaramba ichibatana mu arterial cone, kudzvanywa kunotanga kuwedzera, spiral valve inotanga kufamba uye. inovhura kuvhura kweaortic arches, mavari ropa rakasanganiswa rinomhanya richibva pakati pe ventricle. Nekukanganiswa kwakazara kwe ventricle, arterial blood kubva hafu yekuruboshwe inopinda mukoni.

Izvo hazvizokwanisi kudarika mu arched aorta uye pulmonary cutaneous arteries, nokuti ivo vatova neropa, iro rine simba rakasimba rinoshandura spiral valve, richizarura muromo we carotid arteries, arterial blood will flow there, iyo ichatumirwa. kumusoro. Kana kufema kwepulmonary kuchidzimwa kwenguva yakareba, semuenzaniso, munguva yechando pasi pemvura, ropa rakawanda rinoyerera richipinda mumusoro.

Okisijeni inopinda muuropi muhuwandu hushoma, nokuti kune kuderera kwese mubasa remetabolism uye mhuka inowira muhutu. Mumhuka dzinonzi amphibians dziri mu caudate, gomba rinowanzogara pakati pe atria, uye spiral valve ye arterial cone haina kugadzirwa zvakanaka. Saizvozvo, iro ropa rakasanganiswa zvakanyanya rinopinda mu arterial arches kupfuura mune tailless amphibians.

Kunyange zvazvo amphibians vane kutenderera kweropa kunoenda mumadenderedzwa maviri, nekuda kwekuti ventricle imwe chete, haibvumi kuti vaparadzane zvachose. Mamiriro ehurongwa hwakadaro anoenderana zvakananga nenhengo dzekufema, dzine maitiro maviri uye dzinoenderana nemararamiro ayo amphibians anotungamira. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kugara zvese panyika uye mumvura kupedza nguva yakawanda.

Mwongo mutsvuku

Iyo red bone marrow ye tubular bones inotanga kuoneka mune amphibians. Huwandu hweropa rose hunosvika kuXNUMX muzana yehuremu hweamphibian, uye hemoglobin inosiyana kubva pambiri kusvika gumi kubva muzana kana kusvika magiramu mashanu pakirogiramu yehuremu, simba reokisijeni muropa rinosiyana kubva paviri nehafu kusvika gumi nenhatu. muzana, nhamba idzi dzakakwirira zvichienzaniswa nehove.

Amphibians ane masero matsvuku makuru eropa, asi pane zvishoma zvacho: kubva pamakumi maviri nemazana manomwe nemakumi matatu ezviuru pacubic millimeter yeropa. Kuwanda kweropa remakonye kwakaderera pane kwevakuru. Mune amphibians, sezvakangoita muhove, huwandu hweshuga hweropa hunochinja nemwaka. Inoratidza hutsika hwepamusoro muhove, uye mune amphibians, caudates kubva pagumi kusvika makumi matanhatu muzana, nepo mu anurans kubva makumi mana kusvika makumi masere muzana.

Kana zhizha rapera, kune kuwedzera kwakasimba kwemakhahydrates muropa, mukugadzirira kwechando, nokuti makabhohaidhiretsi anounganidza mumhasuru uye chiropa, uyewo muchirimo, apo nguva yekuberekesa inotanga uye makhahydrates anopinda muropa. Amphibians ane maitiro ekugadzirisa mahomoni e-carbohydrate metabolism, kunyange zvazvo isina kukwana.

Zvitatu zvemaamphibians

Amphibians zvakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:

• Amphibians tailless. Chikwata ichi chine marudzi angangosvika chiuru nemazana masere akachinja uye anofamba panyika, achisvetuka pamakumbo eshure, ayo akareba. Kurongeka uku kunosanganisira matodhi, matatya, matinji nezvimwe zvakadaro. Kune vasina muswe pamakondinendi ese, iyo chete inosarudzika iAntarctica. Izvi zvinosanganisira: matatya chaiwo, matatya emiti, rurimi rwakatenderedzwa, matatya chaiwo, zvipembere, muridzo nespadefoot.
• Amphibians caudate. Ndivo vekare zvikuru. Kune marudzi anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi masere emarudzi ose. Mhando dzose dzezvitsva uye salamanders ndezvavo, vanogara kuchamhembe kwehemisphere. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhuri yeprotea, salamanders dzisina mapapu, salamanders echokwadi, uye salamanders.
• Amphibious asina gumbo. Kune marudzi anosvika zviuru makumi mashanu nezvishanu, mazhinji acho anogara pasi pevhu. Aya maamphibians akare, akararama kusvika kunguva yedu nekuda kwekuti vakakwanisa kujairana nemararamiro ekuchera.

Amphibian arteries ndeemhando dzinotevera:

1. Carotid arteries inopa musoro neropa reropa.
2. Skin-pulmonary arteries - inotakura ropa re venous paganda nemapapu.
3. Iyo aortic arches inotakura ropa rinosanganiswa kune nhengo dzakasara.

Amphibians zvikara, salivary glands, iyo yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, yakavanzika yavo inonyorovesa:

• mutauro
• chikafu nemuromo.

Amphibians akasimuka pakati kana pasi Devonian, kureva makore mazana matatu emamiriyoni apfuura. Hove ndivo madzitateguru avo, vane mapapu uye vane zvimbi zvakapetwa kubva kubva, zvichibvira, makumbo ane minwe mishanu akagadzirwa. Hove dzechinyakare-finned dzinongozadzisa izvi zvinodiwa. Vane mapapu, uye mu skeleton yezvimbi, zvinhu zvakafanana nezvikamu zve skeleton yegunwe renyika ine zvigunwe zvishanu zvinonyatsooneka. Uyewo, chokwadi chokuti maamphibians anobva kune hove yekare-yakagadzirwa nehove inoratidzwa nekufanana kwakasimba kwemapfupa emapfupa ehehenya, akafanana nemakumbo emamphibians ePaleozoic period.

Mbabvu dzezasi nedzepamusoro dzaivepowo mulobe-finned uye amphibians. Zvisinei, lungfish, iyo yakanga ine mapapu, yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru nemhuka dzomusango. Nokudaro, maitiro ekufambisa uye kufema, izvo zvakapa mukana wekuenda panyika mumadzitateguru emamphibians, akaonekwa kunyange pavakanga. dzaingova mhuka dzomusana dzemumvura.

Chikonzero chakashanda sehwaro hwekubuda kwezvigadziriso izvi, sezviri pachena, hutongi hwakasarudzika hwemadziva ane mvura yakachena, uye mamwe marudzi ehove dzelobe-finned aigara mazviri. Izvi zvinogona kuva periodic kuomeswa kana kushaya oxygen. Iyo yakanyanya kutungamira biological chinhu chakave chakasimba mukuputsika kwemadzitateguru nedziva uye kugadzirisa kwavo panyika ndicho chikafu chitsva chavakawana munzvimbo yavo itsva.

Nhengo dzekufema mune amphibians

Amphibians vane nhengo dzekufema dzinotevera:

• Mapapu inhengo dzekufema.
• Gills. Ivo varipo mune tadpoles uye vamwe vagari venzvimbo yemvura.
• Nhengo dzekuwedzera kufema muchimiro cheganda uye mucous lining yeoropharyngeal cavity.

Mune amphibians, mapapu anoratidzwa nenzira yemabhegi akabatanidzwa, mukati mukati. Vane madziro akaonda kwazvo muhukobvu, uye mukati mune kugadzirwa kwesero zvishoma. Zvisinei, amphibians ane mapapu madiki. Semuenzaniso, mumatatya, chiyero chepamusoro pemapapu kune ganda chinoyerwa pachiyero cheviri kusvika kutatu, zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, umo chiyero ichi chiri makumi mashanu, uye dzimwe nguva kane zana mukufarira mapapu.

Nekushandurwa kwemaitiro ekufema mune amphibians, kuchinja kufema nzira. Amphibians vachiri nemhando yekumanikidzirwa yekufema. Mhepo inodhonzwa mumuromo wemukanwa, nekuda kweizvi mhino dzakavhurika uye pasi pemukanwa inodzika. Ipapo mhino dzakavharwa nemavharuvhu, uye pasi remuromo rinokwira nekuda kwekuti mweya unopinda mumapapu.

Yakaita sei sisitimu yetsinga mune amphibians

Mumhuka dzomusango, uropi hunorema kupfuura muhove. Kana tikatora chikamu chehuremu hwehuropi uye huremu, zvino muhove dzemazuva ano dzine cartilage, nhamba yacho ichava 0,06-0,44%, muhove yemapfupa 0,02-0,94%, mune amphibians akaiswa 0,29. -0,36 %, mune tailless amphibians 0,50–0,73%.

The forebrain of amphibians yakakura kupfuura yehove; pakanga pane kupatsanurwa kwakakwana kuva mahemispheres maviri. Zvakare, kukura kunoratidzwa mune zviri mukati mehuwandu hukuru hwemasero etsinga.

Uropi hunoumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu:

1. Zvine huremu forebrain, iyo yakakamurwa kuita maviri hemispheres uye ine olfactory lobes.
2. Yakagadzirwa zvakanaka diencephalon.
3. Underdeveloped cerebellum. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kufamba kweamphibians kune monotonous uye haina kuoma.
4. Pakati pekutenderera, kugaya uye kufema masisitimu ndeye medulla oblongata.
5. Kuona uye skeletal tsandanyama toni inodzorwa neiyo midbrain.

Mararamiro emamphibians

Mararamiro anotungamirwa nemaamphibians anoenderana zvakananga nechimiro chavo uye chimiro. Nhengo dzekufema hadzina kukwana mukugadzirisa - izvi zvinoshanda kumapapu, kunyanya nekuda kweizvi, chinyorwa chinosara pane dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Unyoro hunogara huchibuda kubva paganda, izvo zvinoita kuti mhuka dzemumvura dzive zvichienderana nekuvapo kwehunyoro munzvimbo. Kupisa kwenzvimbo inogara mhuka dzinorarama nemhuka dzemusango kwakakoshawo, nekuti hadzina kudziya-ropa.

Vamiririri vekirasi iyi vane mararamiro akasiyana, saka pane kusiyana kwemaitiro. Kusiyana-siyana uye kuwanda kweamphibians kunonyanya kukwirira munzvimbo dzinopisa, uko kune hunyoro hwepamusoro uye nguva dzose tembiricha yemhepo yakakwirira.

Kana iri padhuze nedanda, ndipo panobva paita shoma mhuka dzemufibhi. Kune mashoma amphibians munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzinotonhora dzepasi. Iko hakuna amphibians uko kusina matura, kunyange enguva pfupi, nokuti mazai anogona kuwanzokura mumvura chete. Iko hakuna amphibians mumiviri yemvura yemunyu, ganda ravo harina kuchengetedza osmotic pressure uye hypertonic nharaunda.

Mazai haakuri mumadziva emvura yemunyu. Amphibians akakamurwa kuita mapoka anotevera maererano nemamiriro ekugara:

• mvura,
• zvepasi.

Nyika inogona kuenda kure nemitumbi yemvura, kana iyi isiri nguva yekuberekesa. Asi mumvura, pane zvinopesana, vanopedza hupenyu hwavo hwose mumvura, kana pedyo zvikuru nemvura. Mune caudates, mafomu emvura anotungamira, mamwe marudzi eanurans anogonawo kuva avo, muRussia, semuenzaniso, idzi dziva kana matatya egungwa.

Arboreal amphibians akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pakati penyika, semuenzaniso, matatya ecopepod nematatya emiti. Mamwe maamphibians epanyika anorarama mararamiro ekuchera, semuenzaniso, mamwe haana muswe, uye anenge ese haana makumbo. Muvagari venyika, sekutonga, mapapu anogadzirwa zviri nani, uye ganda harina kunyanya kubatanidzwa mukufema. Nekuda kweizvi, ivo vanonyanya kutsamira pane hunyoro hwenzvimbo yavanogara.

Amphibians vari kuita mabasa anobatsira anochinja gore negore, zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwavo. Yakasiyana pane mamwe matanho, pane dzimwe nguva uye pasi pemamwe mamiriro ekunze. Amphibians, kupfuura shiri, inoparadza zvipembenene zvine kuravira kwakashata uye kunhuwa, pamwe chete nezvipembenene zvine ruvara rwekudzivirira. Kana dzinenge shiri dzose dzinodya zvipembenene dzakarara, mhuka dzomusango dzinovhima.

Vesainzi vagara vakateerera chokwadi chekuti mhuka dzemufibi dzinobatsira zvikuru sezvipembenene zvinoparadza zvipembenene mumapindu emuriwo nemuminda yemichero. Varimi vebindu muHolland, Hungary neEngland vakanyatsounza matatya kubva kunyika dzakasiyana, vachiasunungura mumagreenhouse nemagadheni. Pakati pemakore makumi matatu, marudzi angangoita zana nemakumi mashanu emhando dzeaga akatengeswa kubva kuAntilles neHawaiian Islands. Vakatanga kuwanda uye machura anopfuura miriyoni akaburitswa pamunda wenzimbe, mhedzisiro yacho yakapfuura zvese zvaitarisirwa.

Kuona uye kunzwa kweamphibians

Maziso eAmphibian anodzivirira kuvhara nekuoma zvinofambiswa ziso rezasi nepamusoro, pamwe chete ne nictitating membrane. Iyo cornea yakava convex uye lens lenticular. Chaizvoizvo, amphibians anoona zvinhu zvinofamba.

Kana dziri nhengo dzekunzwa, ossicle yekunzwa uye nzeve yepakati zvakaonekwa. Ichi chitarisiko chinokonzerwa nekuti zvakave zvakakosha kuti unzwisise zvirinani kudengenyeka, nekuti mhepo yemhepo ine density yakakwira kupfuura mvura.