Imbwa “dzinodzidza” sei kunzwisisa vanhu?

Masayendisiti akawana kuti imbwa dzinokwanisa kunzwisisa vanhu, kunyanya, maitiro evanhu. Unogona kuonesa izvi nekutamba mutambo wekutaurirana nembwa yako. Kugona uku kunosiyanisa imbwa kunyange kubva kuhama dzedu dzepedyo - maapes makuru.

Asi imbwa dzakakudziridza sei unyanzvi uhwu? Vatsvakurudzi munyika yose vakabvunza mubvunzo uyu ndokutanga kutsvaga mhinduro.

Puppy experiments

Tsanangudzo yakanyatsojeka yakaita sekuti imbwa, nekushandisa nguva yakawanda nevanhu, kutamba nesu uye kutitarisa, yakangodzidza "kuverenga" isu. Uye tsananguro iyi yaitaridzika zvine musoro chero imbwa dzechikuru dzaitora chikamu muzviedzo, izvo zvaigona kugadzirisa matambudziko ekutaurirana nekuda kwe "nguva yekubhururuka".

Kuti vaedze iyi fungidziro, masayendisiti akafunga kuyedza nembwanana. Vakaitwa bvunzo dzakafanana nedzembwa dzakura. Chidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira vana vevana vane makore 9 kusvika kumavhiki makumi maviri nemana, vamwe vavo vachigara mumhuri uye kuenda kumakirasi ekudzidziswa, uye vamwe havasati vawana varidzi uye vasina ruzivo rushoma nevanhu. Saka chinangwa chaiva, chekutanga, kunzwisisa kuti vana vanonzwisisa sei vanhu, uye chechipiri, kuziva mutsauko pakati pevana vane ruzivo rwakasiyana nemunhu.

Vana vevana vane mwedzi mitanhatu vaifanirwa kuva neunyanzvi kupfuura vana vane mwedzi 6, uye mumwe munhu akanga atove "akagamuchirwa" uye akapinda makirasi ekudzidzira aizonzwisisa munhu zviri nani kupfuura imbwa inokura seuswa mumugwagwa.

Zvigumisiro zvekudzidza zvakakonzera kushamisika kukuru pakati pemasayendisiti. Iyo yekutanga hypothesis yakapwanyika kune vanorova.

Zvakazoitika kuti vana vevhiki-9 vakura vanonyatsoshanda pa "kuverenga" maitiro evanhu, uye hazvina basa kana vachigara mumhuri yevaridzi vatsva, kwavanenge vari pakati pekucherechedza, kana vachiri kumirira " kugamuchirwa”.

Mukuwedzera, zvakazoitika kuti kunyange vana vaduku pazera remavhiki matanhatu vanonyatsonzwisisa maitiro evanhu uye, uyezve, vanogona kushandisa chiratidzo chisina kwavakarerekera icho vasati vamboona sechiratidzo.

Ndiko kuti, "kufamba kwemaawa" hakunei nazvo uye haigoni kushanda setsanangudzo yekukwanisa kunoshamisa kwembwa kunzwisisa vanhu.

Miedzo nemapere

Zvadaro masayendisiti akaisa pfungwa inotevera. Kana hunhu uhwu hwatova hunhu diki puppies, pamwe ndiyo nhaka yemadzitateguru avo. Uye, sezvamunoziva, tateguru wembwa ndiyo mhumhi. Uye saka, mapere anofanirawo kuve nehunyanzvi uhu.

Ndiko kuti, kana tikataura nezve 4 mazinga ekuongorora akarongwa naNiko Tinbergen, panzvimbo yepakutanga ontogenetic hypothesis, masayendisiti akagamuchira phylogenetic hypothesis.

Kufungidzira kwakanga kusiri kusina hwaro. Mushure mezvose, isu tinoziva kuti mhumhi dzinovhima pamwe chete uye, dziri mhuka dzinotakura uye zvikara, zvinongonzwisisana pamwe chete uye "mutauro wemuviri" weavo vabatwa.

Iyi hypothesis yaidawo kuongororwa. Nokuda kweizvi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuwana makudo. Uye vaongorori vakabatana naChristina Williams, aishanda paThe Wolf Hollow wolf nzvimbo muMassachusetts. Mhumhi munzvimbo iyi yakasimudzwa nevanhu sevana, saka vaivimba zvachose nemunhu uye vakataurirana naye nechido, kunyanya ne "wolf nanny" Christina Williams.

Nemapere, akasiyana akasiyana emutambo wekuongorora wekutaurirana (kunzwisisa kwemaitiro) akaitwa. Uye nekushivirira kose kwemhumhi idzi kuvanhu, kuedza kwakaratidza kuti havakwanisi zvachose (kana kuti havadi) "kuverenga" zviratidzo zvevanhu uye havazvioni sechido. Vaisangofunga nezvevanhu pakuita zvisarudzo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, ivo vakaita nenzira imwe cheteyo yamatsoko makuru.

Uyezve, kunyange apo mapere akanga akanyatsodzidziswa “kuverenga” zviratidzo zvevanhu, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, asi mapere haana kusvika kumambwanana.

Zvichida chokwadi ndechekuti mapere kazhinji haafarire kutamba mitambo yevanhu, vaongorori vakafunga. Uye kuedza izvi, vakapa mapere ndangariro mitambo. Uye mune idzi bvunzo, grey zvikara zvakaratidza mhedzisiro. Kureva kuti haisi nyaya yekusada kutaura nemunhu.

Saka fungidziro yenhaka yemajini haisati yasimbiswa.

Chii chakavanzika chembwa?

Apo mafungiro maviri ekutanga, ayo aiita seakanyanya kujeka, akakundikana, vatsvakurudzi vakabvunza mubvunzo mutsva: nekuda kwekuchinja kupi kwemajini munzira yekuenda kumusha, imbwa dzakatsauka kubva kumapere? Mushure mezvose, kushanduka-shanduka kwaita basa rayo, uye imbwa zvechokwadi dzakasiyana nemhumhi - zvichida ndiko kubudirira kwekushanduka-shanduka iyo imbwa dzakadzidza kunzwisisa vanhu nenzira isingagoni kuita chimwe chisikwa chipenyu? Uye nekuda kweizvi, mapere akava imbwa?

Iyo hypothesis yainakidza, asi nzira yekuiedza? Mushure mezvose, isu hatigone kudzokera kumashure makumi emireniya uye nekufamba munzira yese yekupfuya mapere zvakare.

Uye zvakadaro, iyi fungidziro yakaedzwa kuvonga kune musayendisiti kubva kuSiberia, uyo kwemakore makumi mashanu akaita ongororo pakuchengetwa kwemakava. Yakanga iri kuedza uku kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kusimbisa fungidziro yekushanduka-shanduka kwekwakabva kukwanisa kwembwa kushamwaridzana kwevanhu.

Nekudaro, iyi inyaya inonakidza inokodzera imwe nyaya.

Verenga pamusoro: Kuchengetwa kwembwa, kana kuti makava akabatsira sei kuburitsa chakavanzika chikuru chembwa