Pamusoro 10 Great Archaeological Discoveries

Archaeology ndeimwe yesainzi inoshamisa, nekuti inotibvumidza kudzidza zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwe (uye dzimwe nguva zvisingambofungidzike) zvenhoroondo yemunhu nekuda kwezvakasara zvetsika yezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Anochera matongo anenge mutikitivha uye forensic sainzi akakungurutswa mune imwe. Kubva pamapfupa mashoma uye chidimbu chesimbi chine ngura, anogona kuona zvakaitika panzvimbo iyi mazana, kana asiri zviuru zvemakore apfuura.

Nhoroondo yedu yakapfuma inozviratidza nekusada, zvishoma nezvishoma: dzimwe nguva kuwanikwa kwakakosha kunotora simba rakawanda retsika uye remuviri uye nguva yakawanda. Somugumisiro, zvigumisiro zvinowedzera kukosha uye zvinonakidza.

Pano pane gumi chete ezvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo munhoroondo yesainzi iyi.

10 Clay Chisimbiso chaBharuki

Chimwe chezvakakosha zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kubva kumunda weinonzi "bhaibheri" yekuchera matongo ndiyo chisimbiso chaBharuki ben-Neriah.

Bharuki akanga asiri bedzi shamwari nomubetseri womuporofita Jeremia (uye, mumashoko azvino uno, munyori wake), asiwo munyori wenhau youpenyu hwomurume uyu akachenjera.

Chisimbiso chakawanikwa muna 1980 neIsrael archeologist Nachman Avigad. Rine chinyorwa - “lbrkyhw bn nryhw hspr”, zvinoreva kuti “Bharuki, mwanakomana waNeria, munyori”.

Uye nenzira, ipapo vaJudha vakaramba vachinyora kwete nezviratidzo zvechiHebheru, asi nemabhii emakona akafanana neaFenikiya. Zvisimbiso zvakadaro (muchimiro chemupumburu diki ane zita rakavezwa uye raipfekwa patambo pamutsipa) zvakashanda munyika yekare se siginicha, iyo yaiiswa pabundu revhu rakanyorova rakavhara chibvumirano kana zvimwe zvakakosha. gwaro rakanyorwa pamatehwe.

9. Nag Hammadi Raibhurari

Muna 1945, murombo Mohammed Ali Samman akawana netsaona muunganidzwa wemakodhi gumi nemaviri akanyorwa panhokwe padyo neguta reNag Hammadi (Egypt) (mapepa gumi nematatu chete akasara eiyo codex yechisere), akavhura chidzitiro chekuvanzika chakafukidza mazana emakore ekutanga. chechiKristu.

Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaona kuti kune 52 zvinyorwa mumakodhi, ayo 37 akanga asingazivikanwi kare, uye mamwe ose akatowanwa muchimiro cheshanduro mune mimwe mitauro, kunokorwa mashoko, mareferensi, zvichingodaro.

Zvinyorwa zvacho zvaisanganisira maEvhangeri akati wandei, chikamu chebhuku raPlato “The State”, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvinotsauka zvakanyanya kubva padzidziso dzechiKristu dzemazuva ano uye dzinopokana neBhaibheri.

Sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo, mapepa enhokwe aya akagadzirwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. uye yakanyatsovanzwa nemamongi emumongi wechiKristu uri pedyo mushure mekunge Bhishopi Mukuru weAlexandria Athanasius I Mukuru araira kuparadzwa kwemagwaro ese asiri eBhaibheri. Iye zvino makodhi aya anochengetwa muCairo Museum.

8. Dombo raPirato

Isu tose takanzwa nyaya yekurovererwa kwaKristu uye tinoziva kuti ndiani akamutongera kuurayiwa kunorwadza uku. Asi kusvika muna 1961 pakanga pasina ufakazi hwokuti Pondiyo Pirato (mutongi weJudhea) akanga ariko chaizvoizvo somunhu mupenyu, uye haana kugadzirwa navanyori veTestamente Itsva.

Uye pakupedzisira, panguva yekuchera muKesariya, muongorori wezvokuchera matongo weItaly Antonio Frava akawana furati hombe kuseri kwechivako cheamphitheatre, paakaverenga chinyorwa cheLatin "Tiberium ... Pontius Pirato, mukuru weJudhiya ... akazvitsaurira ...".

Saka, chokutanga, zvakava pachena kuti Pirato akanga ari munhu chaiye wenhoroondo, uye chechipiri, akanga asiri gavhuna, asi mutungamiriri (panguva iyoyo, zvisinei, mabasa nekodzero dzevanhu vaiva nezvinzvimbo zviviri izvi mumatunhu eRoma. dzakada kufanana).

Dombo raPirato rava muIsrael Museum iri muJerusarema.

7. dinosaur fossils

Iye zvino hapana achataura chokwadi apo vanhu vakatanga kuwana mapfupa edinosaur, asi nyaya yekutanga yakanyorwa yekuwanikwa kwezvakasara zvemadinosaurs ekare yakaitika muna 1677, apo purofesa weOxford Robert Plott, uyo akawana femur yakakura yemhuka isingazivikanwi, akatanga kusarudza. kuti iyi yakanga iri rutivi rweimwe yenzou, yakaunzwa kuBritain navaRoma, uye pakupedzisira yakasvika kumhedziso yokuti aya ndiwo masara omutadzi akanyura muMafashamo makuru.

(Nenzira, kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vanhu vaiwanzotora mapfupa edinosaur seasara ehofori dzemubhaibheri, asi maChinese, avo vakave padyo nechokwadi, vakavadaidza kuti mapfupa edhiragoni uye vakatoti zvinhu zvekuporesa kwavari) .

Tichifunga kuti vanhu muEurope kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika vainamata zvakanyanya, vaisatombofungidzira kuti zvisikwa zvihombe zvakadaro zvakambovapo panyika (zvisina kusikwa naIshe).

Zvakanaka, kare muna 1824, nyanzvi ye geologist yeBritish uye paleontologist William Buckland akatanga kutsanangura uye akatumidza marudzi edhinaso aakawana - megalosaurus (kureva, "dzvinyu guru"). Izwi chairo rokuti "dinosaur" rakaonekwa chete muna 1842.

6. Pompeii

Pakutaurwa kwezita rokuti "Pompeii", mumwe munhu achayeuka pakarepo mufananidzo wakakurumbira waKarl Bryullov "Zuva Rokupedzisira rePompeii", mumwe munhu - firimu rekupedzisira "Pompeii" naKit Harington.

Chero zvazvingava, anenge munhu wose akanzwa nezveguta iri, rakaparadzwa neVesuvius pakupera kwaOctober 79 AD (asi havasi vose vanoziva kuti mamwe maguta maviri akafa pamwe chete nePompeii - Herculaneum neStabiae).

Vakawanikwa chete nemukana: muna 1689, vashandi vaichera tsime vakagumburwa pamatongo echivako chekare, pamadziro maiva nechinyorwa chine shoko rokuti "Pompeii". Asi zvino vakangofunga kuti iyi yaive imwe yedzimba dzePompey the Great.

Uye muna 1748 chete, kuchera kwakatanga panzvimbo ino, uye mutungamiri wavo aiva injiniya wemauto RJ Alcubierre akafunga kuti akanga awana Stabiae. Aingofarira zvinhu zvaive neunyanzvi hunokosha, akangoparadza zvakasara (kusvikira vanochera matongo vatsamwiswa nechokwadi ichi).

Muna 1763, zvakazove pachena kuti guta rakawanikwa rakanga risiri Stabiae, asi Pompeii, uye muna 1870, anochera matongo Giuseppe Fiorelli akafungidzira kuzadza nepurasita mavhodhi akasiiwa munzvimbo yevakafa uye akafukidzwa nejira remadota evanhu. mhuka dzinopfuyiwa, nokudaro dzichiwana kufa kwadzo chaiko.

Parizvino, Pompeii yakacherwa ne75-80%.

5. Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa

Uye imwezve inowanikwa kubva kumunda we "bhaibheri" archeology, iyo inokosha zvikuru kune masayendisiti anodzidza mavambo uye dzidziso dzezvitendero zvenyika (munyaya iyi, chiJudha nechiKristu chekutanga).

magwaro 972, ainyanya kunyorwa pamatehwe (uye pamwe panhokwe), akawanwa netsaona nomufudziwo zvake mumapako eQumran munharaunda yeGungwa Rakafa. Chikamu chikuru chazvo chakanamwa kuitira kuchengeteka mumidziyo yeramic.

Kwenguva yokutanga iyi mipumburu inokosha yakawanikwa muna 1947, asi ichiri kuwanikwa nguva nenguva. Nguva yekusikwa kwavo inenge kubva muna 250 BC. 68 AD isati yasvika

Zvinyorwa zvinosiyana muzvinyorwa: chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chazvo zvinyorwa zvebhaibheri, nepo mamwe ari apokirifa (tsanangudzo dzisiri dzechokwadi dzenhoroondo tsvene), zvinyorwa nevanyori vezvitendero vasingazivikanwi, kuunganidzwa kwemitemo yechiJudha nemitemo yehupenyu nemafambiro munharaunda, nezvimwewo, nezvimwe zvakadaro. .

Muna 2011, iyo Israel Museum yakadhijita mazhinji ezvinyorwa izvi (nerutsigiro rweGoogle) ndokuzvitumira paInternet.

4. Guva reTutankhamun

Zita rokuti "Tutankhamun" rinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Yakawanikwa muna 1922 muMupata weMadzimambo mudunhu reLuxor, guva rekamuri 4 raFarao mudiki, iro rakabiwa kaviri munguva dzekare, asi rakachengeta zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha, rakava rimwe rezvikuru zvakawanikwa kwete chete mukati. iyo munda weEgyptology, asiwo munyika yose yekuchera matongo.

Yakanga ine zvishongo zvakawanda, zvinhu zveimba, uye, zvechokwadi, zvinhu zvetsika zvakaperekedza pharao ku "nyika iri nani".

Asi pfuma huru yaiva sarcophagus yeTutankhamen, umo amai vake vakanyatsochengetedzwa. Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo uye Egyptologist Howard Carter naGeorge Carnarvon, ishe weBritish uye muunganidzi akaunganidza zvekare, vakawana guva iri.

Nenzira, nekuda kwekukakavadzana pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwakakosha kunofanira kuchengetwa - muEgypt pachayo kana muBritain (nyika yevakawana), hukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi hwakapotsa hwaderera, uye Carter akapotsa adzingwa kubva kuEgypt zvachose.

3. Bako reAltamira

Kune akati wandei emapako mudunhu reSpain reCantabria, uye nekudaro, muna 1868 muvhimi Modest Cubillas Peras akawana rimwe padyo neguta reSantillana del Mar (musuwo waro waive wakafukidzwa negomba), hapana akabatanidza zvakawanda. kukosha kune izvi.

Asi muna 1879, nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yemuno Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola akasarudza kuidzidza. Mwanasikana wake Maria ane makore 9 aiva naye uye, maererano neimwe shanduro, akanga ari iye akakwevera ngwariro yababa vake kumifananidzo yakaisvonaka yepolychrome padenga rebako, achidaidzira kuti “Baba, mabhuru!”

Zvakazoitika kuti bison, mabhiza, nguruve dzesango, nezvimwewo zvinoratidzwa pamadziro uye makamuri ebako reAltamira zvinobvira pamakore 15 kusvika ku37 zviuru, uye ndezvenguva yeUpper Paleolithic. "Nzombe" dzakapendwa nemarasha, ocher nemamwe mavara echisikigo.

Kwenguva yakareba, vamwe vanochera matongo veSpain vakaedza kuratidza kuti Sautuola aiva tsotsi. Hapana aigona kudavira kuti vanhu vekare vaikwanisa kufananidzira mhuka nounyanzvi kudaro.

Altamira yanga iri UNESCO World Heritage Site kubva 1985.

2. rosetta ibwe

Muna 1799, pedyo netaundi reRosetta muEgypt (yava kunzi Rashid), dombo redombo rakawanikwa, pamusoro paro rakanga rakafukidzwa nemashoko mumitauro mitatu.

Yakawanikwa nemukuru wemauto eFrance (rangarira mushandirapamwe weEgypt waNapoleon I) Pierre-Francois Bouchard, akatungamira kuvakwa kweFort Saint-Julien muNile Delta.

Sezvo ari munhu akadzidza, Bouchard akakoshesa kukosha kwekutsvaga uye akaitumira kuCairo, kuInstitute of Egypt (yakavhurwa nekuraira kwaNapoleon gore rapfuura). Ikoko, dombo rakadzidzwa nevanochera matongo uye nyanzvi dzemitauro, vakawana kuti chinyorwa, chakaitwa mumutauro wekare weEgypt (uye chakaitwa mu hieroglyphs), pazasi - mune yakazotevera Demotic script, uye kunyange pazasi - muchiGiriki chekare, yakatsaurirwa. kuna Ptolemy V Epiphanes uye yakagadzirwa nevaprista vekuEgipita muna 196 BC AD

Sezvo revo yezvimedu zvose zviri zvitatu yakanga yakafanana, rakanga riri Dombo reRosetta rakava nzvimbo yokutanga yokududzira manyoro ekare eEgipita (uchishandisa kuenzanisa kwawo kwokutanga nerugwaro rwechiGiriki chekare).

Uye pasinei nokuti chikamu chesimbi chine hieroglyphs chakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya, masayendisiti akakwanisa kubudirira. The Rosetta Stone ikozvino muBritish Museum.

1. olduvai gorge

Olduvai Gorge (nzvimbo yemakiromita makumi mana inotambanudzira pamapani eSerengeti muTanzania, makiromita makumi maviri kubva kuNgorongoro Crater) ndiyo nzvimbo iyo mukupera kwema40 uye kutanga kwema20. Vanochera matongo vane mukurumbira Louis naMary Leakey vakawana mapfupa eakatangira murume wemazuva ano - "murume anoshanda" (homo habilis), pamwe nemasara emhando yekare yetsoko huru (Australopithecine) uye gare gare Pithecanthropus.

Nguva yezvasara zvekare zvakapfuura mamiriyoni mana emakore. Ndosaka Olduvai achionekwa se“kazvarirwa vanhu”. Nenzira, muna 4, muno muOlduvai, Mary Leakey naPeter Jones vakawana tsoka dzakakurumbira dzinoratidza kuti madzitateguru edu akafamba akatwasuka kare mamiriyoni 1976 apfuura.

Zvizhinji zvezviwanikwa izvi zvino zvakachengetwa muOlduvai Goj Museum yeAnthropology uye Human Evolution, iyo yakavhurwa muna 1970 pazvikonzero zveMary Leakey's pachake Ngorongoro Conservation Area.