Ndezvipi maketani ezvokudya mumasango akasiyana-siyana: tsanangudzo uye mienzaniso

Cheni yechikafu kutamiswa kwesimba kubva kwarinobva kuburikidza nenhevedzano yezvipenyu. Zvose zvipenyu zvakabatana, sezvo zvinoshanda sezvokudya zvezvimwe zvipenyu. Cheni dzese dzechikafu dzinosanganisira matatu kusvika mashanu links. Vekutanga kazhinji vanogadzira - zvipenyu izvo ivo pachavo vanokwanisa kugadzira organic zvinhu kubva kune inorganic. Izvi zvinomera zvinowana kudya kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Zvadaro zvinouya vatengi - izvi zvipenyu zveheterotrophic zvinogamuchira zvakagadzirirwa-zvakagadzirwa organic zvinhu. Idzi dzichava mhuka: zvose zvinodya zvinomera nezvinodya nyama. Kuvhara kwekuvhara kweketani yezvokudya kunowanzova decomposers - microorganisms iyo inoparadza organic matter.

Chikafu chekudya hachikwanisi kuva nezvisungo zvitanhatu kana kupfuura, sezvo imwe neimwe itsva link inogamuchira chete 10% yesimba rekubatana kwekare, imwe 90% inorasika nenzira yekupisa.

Chii chinonzi cheni dzekudya?

Kune marudzi maviri: mafuro uye detritus. Iwo ekutanga anowanikwa mune zvakasikwa. Mumaketani akadaro, chinongedzo chekutanga chinogara chiri vagadziri (miti). Vanoteverwa nevatengi vekutanga kurongeka - mhuka dzinodya miti. Tevere - vatengi vechirongwa chechipiri - zvikara zvidiki. Kumashure kwavo kune vatengi vehurongwa hwechitatu - zvikara zvakakura. Uyezve, panogonawo kuva nevatengi vechina, maketani ezvokudya akareba anowanzowanikwa mumakungwa. Iyo yekupedzisira link ndeye decomposers.

Rudzi rwechipiri rwemagetsi maseketi - detritus - yakawanda inowanikwa mumasango uye savannas. Dzinomuka nekuda kwekuti simba rezvirimwa rakawanda haridyiwi nezvinomera zvinomera, asi rinofa, robva rasvibiswa nevanoodza uye rakaiswa mineralized.

Cheni dzechikafu dzerudzi urwu dzinotanga kubva kune detritus - organic masara emiti nemhuka. Vatengi vekutanga mumaketani ezvekudya akadaro zvipembenene, senge nyuchi dzendove, kana scavenger, senge hyena, mhumhi, magora. Pamusoro pezvo, mabhakitiriya anodya zvisaririra zvezvirimwa anogona kuva vatengi vekutanga mumaketani akadaro.

Mune biogeocenoses, zvese zvakabatana nenzira yekuti marudzi mazhinji ezvipenyu anogona kuve vatori vechikamu mumhando mbiri dzemaketani ezvokudya.

Maketani echikafu mumasango ane deciduous uye akasanganiswa

Masango anodonha anonyanya kugoverwa muNorthern Hemisphere yepasi. Vanowanikwa muWestern uye Central Europe, muSouthern Scandinavia, muUrals, muWestern Siberia, East Asia, North Florida.

Masango anodonha akakamurwa kuita mashizha akafara uye madiki-mashizha. Iyo yekare inoratidzirwa nemiti yakadai seoki, linden, ash, maple, elm. Kwechipiri - birch, alder, aspen.

Masango akasanganiswa ndeaya anokura miti yeconiferous neinotema. Masango akasanganiswa maitiro emamiriro ekunze anodziya. Vanowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweScandinavia, muCaucasus, muCarpathians, muFar East, muSiberia, muCalifornia, muAppalachian, pedyo neGreat Lakes.

Masango akasanganiswa anosanganisira miti yakadai sespruce, pine, oak, linden, maple, elm, apuro, fir, beech, hornbeam.

Yakanyanya kuwanikwa mumasango ane deciduous uye akasanganiswa maketani ezvokudya zvemafuro. Kubatana kwekutanga mumaketani ezvokudya mumasango kazhinji kune marudzi akawanda emishonga, ma berries akadai raspberries, blueberries, strawberries. elderberry, muti bark, nzungu, makoni.

Vatengi vekutanga-odha vanowanzove semhembwe, mhara, mhembwe, makonzo, semuenzaniso, tsindi, mbeva, shrews, uye tsuro.

Vatengi vechirongwa chechipiri ndivo zvikara. Kazhinji igava, mhumhi, weasel, ermine, lynx, owl nevamwe. Muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti mhando imwechete inotora chikamu mune zvese mafuro uye zvinokuvadza chikafu cheni ichava mhumhi: inogona kuvhima madiki madiki uye kudya zvakaora.

Vatengi vechipiri-chechipiri vanogona kuve mhuka dzezvikara zvakakura, kunyanya shiri: semuenzaniso, mazizi madiki anogona kudyiwa nehove.

Iyo yekuvhara link ichave decomposers (kuora mabhakitiriya).

Mienzaniso yemacheni echikafu musango rinodonha-coniferous:

• birch bark - hare - wolf - decomposers;
• huni - Maybug larva - woodpecker - hawk - decomposers;
• leaf litter (detritus) – worms – shrews – owl – decomposers.

Zvimiro zveketani dzekudya mumasango econiferous

Masango akadaro ari kuchamhembe kweEurasia neNorth America. Zvinosanganisira miti yakadai sepaini, spruce, fir, misidhari, larch nevamwe.

Pano zvinhu zvose zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva masango akavhenganiswa uye anodonha.

Mubatanidzwa wekutanga munyaya iyi hauzove uswa, asi moss, shrubs kana lichens. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mumasango econiferous hapana chiedza chakakwana kuti chifukidziro cheuswa chakaoma ivepo.

Saizvozvo, mhuka dzichava vatengi vekutanga kurongeka dzichave dzakasiyana - hadzifanirwe kudya uswa, asi moss, lichens kana shrubs. Zvinogona kudaro dzimwe mhando dzemhembwe.

Pasinei nokuti makwenzi uye mosses zvinowanzoonekwa, zvinomera zvinomera uye makwenzi zvichiri kuwanikwa mumasango econiferous. Aya ndiwo nettle, celandine, sitirobheri, elderberry. Hares, moose, squirrels vanowanzodya zvokudya zvakadaro, izvo zvinogonawo kuva vatengi vekutanga.

Vatengi vechirongwa chechipiri vachave, semasango akasanganiswa, zvikara. Aya ndiwo mink, bere, wolverine, lynx nevamwe.

Zvikara zvidiki zvakaita semink zvinogona kubatwa yechitatu odha vatengi.

Iyo yekuvhara yekuvhara ichava ma microorganisms ekuora.

Mukuwedzera, mumasango econiferous akajairika cheni dzekudya zvinokuvadza. Pano, chinongedzo chekutanga chinowanzova chirimwa humus, iyo inodyiswa nebhakitiriya yevhu, ichiva, zvakare, chikafu chemhuka dzisina unicellular dzinodyiwa nefungi. Maketani akadaro anowanzo kureba uye anogona kunge aine zvinodarika zvishanu.

Mienzaniso yemaketani ezvokudya musango reconiferous:

• pine nzungu - squirrel - mink - decomposers;
• chirimwa humus (detritus) - mabhakitiriya - protozoa - fungi - bere - decomposers.