Top 10 zvipembenene zvidiki pasi rose

Iye zvino papasi redu pane zvinopfuura mamiriyoni emarudzi akasiyana ezvipembenene. Vazhinji vavo vanonyatsozivikanwa, uye vamwe vakangodzidza munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti munhu haacherechedze kubatsira kana kukuvadza kwevazhinji vavo, akasiyana ega ega anoita basa guru muEcosystem yePasi, kunyangwe idiki. Ichi ichokwadi chakasimbiswa!

izwi "zvipembenene" dzakatanga kushandiswa mune zvesayenzi chete muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18, ipapo zvidzidzo zvepasi rose zveichi boka risina kujairika rezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakatanga.

Muchinyorwa chino, tichatarisa kuti zvipembenene zvidiki pasi rose chii, kuti chii chaizvo.

10 Mymaridae Haliday, 4 мм

Mhando iyi ndeyemhuri yeparasitic wasps. Mimwe mhuka inogona kuparadzisa zvipembenene zvemumvura, ichivatevera pasi pemvura, asi kazhinji idzo zvipembenene netsikidzi. Zvakadai muEurope, marudzi mashanu akawanikwa.

Mymaridae Haliday zvinodiwa muzvisikwa kudzora zviito zvezvipembenene. Somuenzaniso, rumwe rudzi runodzora chipfukuto, chinoparadza zvikuru miti yeeucalyptus muEurope, New Zealand, dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica, uye kumaodzanyemba kweEurope.

Mhuri yeMymaridae inosanganisira genera rinosvika zana rawanikwa parizvino uye dzinenge 100 marudzi. Mhuri iyi inosanganisirawo zvipembenene zvidiki pasi rose, hukuru hwayo husingapfuuri ciliates.

9. Gonatocerus, 2,6 мм

Ndewemhuri yeMymaridae inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Ndeyezvipembenene zveparasitic, kana kunyanya, kune genus yevatyairi vechalcidoid.

Iyi genus haina kuparadzirwa zvakanyanya. Masayendisiti ane anenge makumi mana emarudzi muPalearctic, anenge makumi masere muAustralia uye anenge 40 marudzi muNeotropics.

Zvipembenene zvine antennae, zvichiratidza hutano: 12-segmented (8-segmented flagellum) muvakadzi uye 13-segmented (11-segmented flagellum) muvarume. Munhu wega wega ane makumbo nemapapiro mana, uko mhembwe dziri diki pane dzemberi. Kazhinji kazhinji Gonatocerus parasitize pamazai emashizha uye humpbacks.

8. Micronecta scholtzi, 2мм

Rudzi urwu rwetsikidzi rwemvura ndeyemhuri yevakwasvi. Iyo arthropod inogara muEurope chete. Chipembenene chinoita ruzha rwakanyanya (kune kirasi nehukuru hwayo).

Nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dzokuFrance neSwitzerland dzakayera vhoriyamu yenzwi Micronecta scholtzi, iyo yakaratidza mhedzisiro inosvika 99,2 dB. Nhamba idzi dzinogona kufananidzwa nehuwandu hwechitima chinotakura zvinhu chiri kupfuura.

Murume chete ndiye anogona kubereka ruzha rwakadaro kukwezva hadzi. Anoita izvi nekumhanyisa nhengo yake (inoda kukura sebvudzi remunhu) nepakati pedumbu rake.

Icho chokwadi chekuti tsikidzi yemvura inogona kuburitsa ruzha rwakadaro yakanga isingazivikanwe, sezvo ingangoita zvachose (99%) iyo vhoriyamu inorasika kana yepakati ichichinja kubva mumvura kuenda kumhepo.

Vanogara kazhinji mumadziva kana madhamu umo mune mvura isingayerere. Ivo vanowanikwawo mumvura inoyerera, asi zvishoma kazhinji.

7. Nanosella fungi, 0,39 mm

Mhando iyi yezvipembenene zvebheti ndeyemhuri yezvipembenene zvine mapapiro, rudzi rweneotropical. Kusvikira 2015, masayendisiti aidavira izvozvo Nanosella fungi chipembenene chiduku pane zvose, asi nokukurumidza mashoko aya akarambwa nenyanzvi dzezvipembenene.

Pakutanga, masayendisiti akadudzira mhedzisiro yekuyera zvisiri izvo. Parizvino, kapembenene kadikidiki keScydosella musawasensis.

Maererano nenyanzvi dzezvipenyu, arthropod inogoverwa chete mumasango ekumabvazuva kweUnited States. Kazhinji kazhinji vanogona kuwanikwa mune spores ye polypore fungi.

6. Scydosella musawawasensis, 0,337 varume

Kapembenene kadikidiki. Ndiyo chete beetle ye monotropic genus Scydosella. Inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzepakati nekumaodzanyemba kweAmerica (Nicaragua, Colombia).

Chimiro chemuviri chakareba zvishoma, chakafanana neovha. Zvipembenene zvine miviri yero-brown. Scydosella musawasensis ichionekwa sechipembenene chiduku pane zvose chinogara chakasununguka, sezvo chiduku chacho chiri chipembenene.

Mhuka iyi yakatanga kurondedzerwa muna 1999, pakawanikwa mhando dzakawanda muNicaragua. Hugaro hwezvipembenene huri mukati metubular layer mupolypore fungi.

5. Tinkerbella nana, 0,25 mm

Iyi mhuka ndeyemhuri yeMymaridae (unogona kuverenga pamusoro payo zvishoma). Kureba kwemuviri wevanhu kazhinji kazhinji mukati me0,25 mm (muvarume kazhinji 210-230 mm, uye muvakadzi zvakanyanya - kubva 225 kusvika 250 mm).

Tinkerbella nana muviri wakatsvuka. Muchikadzi, iyo flagellum yeantennae ine zvikamu zvishanu, nepo muvarume ine 5-segmented, uye kirabhu ine-chikamu-chikamu. Vanhu vane maziso akaoma kunzwisisa (ane makumi mashanu ommatidia).

Mhando iyi yakatsanangurwa muna 2013 nemasayendisiti kubva kuCanada neAmerica. Zita racho rakapiwa maererano nekuenzanisa kunofadza. Mhando yacho yakanyorwa nana, mukukudza imbwa yaPeter Pan (uyewo kubva pashoko rechiGiriki "diki"). Uye zita reiyo genus rakapihwa zita reTinker Bell fairy kubva mubhuku rakafanana.

4. Megaphragma mymaripenne, 0,2 мм

Chipembenene ndecherudzi rwevatyairi vechalcidoid. Muuropi hwake mune dzinenge dzisina machromosomes, uye hupenyu hwake mazuva mashanu chete. Iyo arthropod inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya: iEurope (Spain, Portugal, zvichingodaro), uye Australia, uye Hawaiian Islands, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.

zera Megaphragma mymaripenne diki pane iyo ye ciliate shoe. Zvipembenene zvine hurongwa hwetsinga hwakadzikiswa zvakanyanya hunosanganisira 7400 neurons, iyo yakapetwa kakati wandei pane mumhando huru. Zvipembenene izvi zvinobhururuka zvinozivikanwa neseti yadzo diki yemaneuroni.

Iyi mhuka yakarondedzerwa kare kare - muna 1924, maererano nemashoko akawanikwa kubva kuHawaiian Islands.

3. Megaphragma caribea, 0,171 mm

Chipembenene ichi zvakare ndecherudzi rwevatyairi vechalcidoid. Yakagoverwa muGuadeloupe (kumabvazuva kweCaribbean Sea), naizvozvo mhuka yakanzi caribea.

Paavhareji, vanhu vane zviyero munharaunda ye0,1 - 0,1778 mm - iyi i170 microns. Ndevemhuri ye trichogrammatid wasps. Caribbean Megaphragma yakatanga kurondedzerwa mumabhuku muna 1993. Uye kusvika muna 1997, chipembenene ichi chaionekwa sechidiki pane ose pasi pano.

2. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, 0,139 мм

Mhando iyi inoonekwa sediki pakati pezvipembenene zvepasi kubva kumhuri yechalcidoid ichneumon parasites. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis yakawanikwa kuCentral America (kuCosta Rica) muna 1997, ichibvisa zita retumbuyu diki pasi rose kubva kurudzi rweMegaphragma caribea.

Vanhu vechirume vanoonekwa sevadiki pasirese, sezvo kureba kwemuviri wavo hakupfuuri 0,139 mm muhukuru, iyo, maererano nemasayendisiti, ishoma pane shangu ciliate.

Antennae akaenzana nekureba kwemuviri. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vakadzi vemhando iyi yezvipembenene vane 40% yakakura kudarika varume, uye vanewo mapapiro uye maziso. Nzvimbo yavo yekugara ndiyo mazai evanodya uswa, umo zvipembenene zvinowanzoita parasitize.

1. Alaptus magnanimus Annandale, 0,12 mm

Murume ane rupo waAnnandale ndeyemhuri yeMymaridae. Inogona kunyatsoonekwa sechipembenene chiduku munyika yose, nokuti hukuru hwemunhu mukuru haupfuuri 0,12 mm, iyo iduku zvikuru pane imwe-celled ciliate shoe.

Alaptus magnanimus Annandale yakawanikwa kare-kare muna 1909 muIndia. Ziso remunhu harizombokwanisi kuona ichi chisikwa chisina michina yekukudza.