Kuberekana kwemhando dzakasiyana dzematatya, kuti amphibians anobereka sei

Matatya anogona kubereka kana asvika makore mana. Kumuka mushure mekurara, mhuka dzemufibhi dzakakura dzinokurumidza kumhanyira kumvura inobereka, uko dzinotsvaga shamwari yakakodzera muhukuru. Murume anofanirwa kuita zvidavado zvakasiyana-siyana pamberi pehadzi kuitira kuti aite kuti atarise, sekuimba nekutamba, kushamisira nesimba uye zvikuru. Mukadzi wasarudza mukomana waanoda, anobva atanga kutsvaga pekukandira mazai nekuasanganisa.

Mitambo Yewanano

vhoti

Mazhinji matatya echirume uye matatya anokwezva vakadzi vemarudzi avo nezwi, iro croaking, iro rakasiyana nemhando dzakasiyana: mune imwe mhando inoratidzika se "trill" yekiriketi, uye mune imwe inoita senge. yakajairika "qua-qua". Unogona kuwana zviri nyore manzwi evarume paInternet. Inzwi guru riri padhamu nderevarume, ukuwo inzwi rehadzi rakanyarara kana kusavapo zvachose.

Kudanana

• Chitarisiko uye ruvara.

Mikono yemarudzi akawanda ematatya, semuenzaniso, tropical poison dart matatya, anochinja ruvara rwawo panguva yekusangana, achiva dema. Muvarume, kusiyana nevakadzi, maziso akakura, nhengo dzekunzwa dzinokudziridzwa zviri nani uye uropi hunowedzerwa, zvichiteerana, uye makumbo epamberi akashongedzwa neanonzi machato calluses, ayo anodiwa pakusangana kuitira kuti akasarudzwa arege kupukunyuka. .

• matambiro

Kutarisisa kwevakadzi kunogona kukwezvwa uye kufamba kwakasiyana-siyana. Colostethus trinitatis inongosvetuka-svetuka zvine rhythmically pabazi, uye Colostethus palmatus inopinda munzvimbo dzakanaka kana inoona hadzi pakatarisana, uye dzimwe mhuka dzinogara pedyo nemapopoma dzinokwanisa kuvheyesa makumbo adzo kuvakadzi.

Murume Colostethus collaris anoita dhaniro yekutamba. Mukono unokambaira kusvika kuhadzi wobva wawedzera kudzvova, wobva wakambaira oenda kure, ogwedeka uye osvetuka, uku achipindwa nechando nemakumbo ake eshure akamira akati twasu. Kana mukadzi asina kufadzwa nekuita, anosimudza musoro, achiratidza huro yakatsvuka yero, izvi zvinoshinga murume. Kana hadzi yafarira kutamba kwemurume, inobva yaona kutamba kwakanaka, ichikambaira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti inyatsoona mutambo wemurume.

Dzimwe nguva vateereri vakawanda vanogona kuungana: rimwe zuva, vachicherechedza Colostethus collaris, masayendisiti akaverenga gumi nevasere vakadzi vakatarisa kune mumwe murume uye vakatamira kune imwe nzvimbo mu synchrony. Yatamba, mukono unoenda zvishoma nezvishoma, uchiwanzocheuka kuti uone kuti mukadzi wepamoyo ari kumutevera.

Mune goridhe matatya, pane kudaro, vakadzi vanorwira varume. Yawana mukono unorira, hadzi inorova makumbo ayo ekumashure pamuviri wayo yoisa makumbo ayo epamberi pairi, inogonawo kukwiza musoro wayo pachirebvu chomurume. Murume ane shungu shoma anopindura nenzira, asi kwete nguva dzose. Zviitiko zvakawanda zvakanyorwa apo rudzi urwu rweamphibian rwakarwa pakati pevakadzi nevarume kune mumwe wavo wavaida.

Fertilization kana kuti matatya anoberekana sei

Fertilization inoitika kunze

Rudzi urwu rwekusvirana runowanzoitika mumatatya. Mukono mudiki unonyatso sunga hadzi netsoka dzayo dzemberi uye inoberekesa mazai anoberekeswa nehadzi. Mukono unombundira mukadzi mune amplexus posture, iyo pane zvingasarudzwa zvitatu.

1. Kuseri kwemakumbo emukadzi, mukono unogadzira girth (matatya ane chiso chakapinza)
2. Mukono unobata hadzi pamberi pemakumbo eshure (scaphiopus, spadefoot)
3. Kune girth yehadzi nemutsipa (dart matatya).

Fertilization mukati

Mashoma ane muchetura dart matatya (semuenzaniso, Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) anoberekeswa neimwe nzira: mukadzi nemurume vanotenderedza misoro yavo nenzira dzakasiyana uye vobatanidza cloacae. Munzvimbo imwecheteyo, kubereka kunoitika mumamphibians emhando yeNectophrynoides, iyo inotanga kubereka mazai, uyezve tadpoles mu utero kusvika pakupera kwekuita metamorphosis uye. bereka matatya akazara.

Matatya ane muswe erudzi rweAscaphus truei ane nhengo chaiyo yekuberekesa.

Munguva yekuberekesa, hono dzinowanzogadzira mhata dzakakasharara pamakumbo avo ekumberi. Nekubatsirwa kwezvikwambo izvi, mukono unobatirira pamutumbi unotsvedza wehadzi. Chokwadi chinonakidza: semuenzaniso, mune datya rakajairwa (Bufo bufo), mukono unokwira pamukadzi kure nedhamu uye unotasva pairi kwemazana akati wandei emamita. Uye vamwe varume vanogona kutasva hadzi mushure mekunge kusvirana kwapera, kumirira kuti hadzi iite dendere uye kandira mazai mairi.

Kana kusvirana kuchiitika mumvura, murume anogona kubata mazai akabuda nehadzi, achidzvanya makumbo ake eshure kuitira kuti ave nenguva yekuisa mazai (species - Bufo boreas). Kazhinji, varume vanogona kusanganisa uye kukwira pane varume vasingazvifarire. "Akabatwa" anoburitsa ruzha uye kudedera kwemuviri, kureva musana, uye zvinokumanikidza kuti uzvibve. Madzimai anozvibatawo pakupera kwekusvirana, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva murume pachawo anogona kusunungura mukadzi kana anzwa kuti dumbu rake ratopfava uye risina chinhu. Kazhinji, vakadzi vanoshingairira kuzunza varume vane usimbe hwekuburuka, vachipinduka nedivi uye vachitambanudza maoko avo ekumashure.

Soitie - amplexus

Mhando dze amplexus

Matatya anokandira mazai, sehove, sezvo caviar (mazai) uye embryos kushaya zvigadziriso zvekusimudzira panyika (anamnia). Mhando dzakasiyana dzeamphibians dzinokandira mazai munzvimbo dzinoshamisa:

• mumakomba, mukwidza unodzika mumvura. Kana tadpole ikachochonya, inoumburuka mumvura, umo inoenderera mberi nekukura;
• hadzi ine mhata yakaunganidzwa kubva paganda rayo inoita matendere kana mapundu, yobva yanamira dendere kumashizha anorembera pamusoro pedziva;
• vamwe vanoputira zai rimwe nerimwe mune rimwe shizha remuti kana tsanga rakarembera pamusoro pemvura;
• hadzi yerudzi rweHylambates brevirostris muzhinji anochochonya mazai mumuromo make. Hono dzerudzi rweDarwin's rhinoderm dzine masaga chaiwo pahuro, padzinotakura mazai akakandwa nehadzi;
• matatya ane muromo nhete anogara munzvimbo dzakaoma, dzinokandira mazai muvhu rakanyorova, uko mhungu inobva yakura, uye mhungu yakaumbwa inokambaira panyika;
• vakadzi verudzi rwepipa vanotakura mazai ivo pachavo. Pashure pokunge mazai asangana, mukono unoapinza kuseri kwehadzi nedumbu rawo, richikandira mazai mumitsara. Mazai anonamira pazvirimwa kana kuti pasi pemvura haakwanisi kukura uye kufa. Dzinopona nekumusana kwehadzi chete. Maawa mashoma mushure mekukandira, porous grey mass inoumbwa kumusana kwemukadzi, umo mazai anovigwa, ipapo echikadzi molts;
• mamwe marudzi ehadzi anoumba miseve yemhete kubva munyuchi dzawo;
• mune mamwe marudzi ematatya, inonzi brood pouch inoumbwa mumapete eganda pamusana, apo amphibian inotakura mazai;
• dzimwe mhando dzematatya eAustralia mazai mudumbu uye tadpoles. Kwenguva yekuzvitakura mudumbu nekubatsirwa kweprostaglandin, basa rekubudisa gastric juice rinodzimwa.

Kwenguva yose ye tadpole gestation, iyo inotora mwedzi miviri, datya haridyi chero chinhu, richiramba richishanda. Munguva iyi, anoshandisa chete zvitoro zvemukati zve glycogen nemafuta, izvo zvinochengetwa muchiropa chake. Mushure mekumera kwedatya, chiropa chedatya chinodzikira muhukuru nechikamu chetatu uye hapana mafuta anosara padumbu pasi peganda.

Mushure mekuvhara, vakadzi vazhinji vanosiya clutch yavo, pamwe chete nemvura inobereka, uye vanoenda kunzvimbo dzavo dzekugara.

Mazai anowanzo akakomberedzwa nehombe gelatinous layer. Iyo goko rezai rinoita basa rakakura, sezvo zai rinodzivirirwa kubva pakuoma, kubva mukukuvadzwa, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, rinoridzivirira kubva pakudyiwa nezvikara.

Mushure mekuisa, mushure mechinguva, ganda remazai rinoputika uye rinoita mujenatinous akajeka, mukati mayo zai rinoonekwa. Chikamu chepamusoro chezai chakasviba, uye hafu yepasi, pane zvinopesana, chiedza. Chikamu cherima chinopisa zvakanyanya, sezvo chinoshandisa mwaranzi yezuva zvakanyanya. Mumarudzi akawanda emhuka dzinonzi amphibians, zvisumbu zvemazai zvinoyangarara pamusoro pedhamu, apo mvura inodziya zvikuru.

Tembiricha yemvura yakaderera inononoka kukura kwe embryo. Kana mamiriro ekunze achidziya, zai rinopatsanurwa kakawanda uye rinoita masero akawanda embryo. Mushure memavhiki maviri, tadpole, gonye rematatya, rinobuda muzai.

Tadpole nekukura kwayo

Mushure mokusiya mbeu tadpole inowira mumvura. Kare mushure memazuva mashanu, ashandisa kugoverwa kwezvibereko kubva mazai, achakwanisa kushambira uye kudya ari oga. Inoumba muromo une shaya dzine nyanga. Iyo tadpole inodya kune protozoan algae uye mamwe ma microorganisms emumvura.

Panguva ino, mutumbi, musoro, uye muswe zvinenge zvave kutooneka mumapundu.

Musoro wegudo wakakura, hapana mitezo, iyo inopera yemuviri inotamba basa rekupedzisira, mutsara we lateral unoonekwawo, uye kune sucker pedyo nemuromo (genus ye tadpole inogona kuonekwa neanoyamwa). Mushure memazuva maviri, mukaha uri mumicheto yemuromo unozadzwa nekamwe kamuromo keshiri, kanoita semucheki wewaya kana tadpole ichidya. Tadpoles ane magill ane maburi maburi. Pakutanga kwekukura, ivo vari kunze, asi mukugadzirisa vanochinja uye vanonamatira kune gill arches, iyo iri mu pharynx, ichiri kushanda semagetsi emukati. Tadpole ine moyo une makamuri maviri uye imwe inotenderera.

Zvinoenderana neanatomy, tadpole pakutanga kwebudiriro iri padyo nehove, uye yakura, yatoita serudzi rwezvinokambaira.

Mushure memwedzi miviri kana mitatu, tadpoles inokura shure, uye ipapo makumbo epamberi, uye muswe unotanga kupfupika, uye wobva wanyangarika. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapapu anokurawo.. Yave kuumba kufema panyika, tadpole inotanga kukwira pamusoro pedhamu kuti imedze mweya. Kuchinja uye kukura kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekupisa kwekunze.

Tadpoles pakutanga anodya zvakanyanya pakudya kwechirimwa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma anoenda kune chikafu chemhuka. Datya rakaumbwa rinogona kusvika kumahombekombe kana iri mhuka yepasi, kana kuramba ichigara mumvura kana iri mhuka yemumvura. Matatya asvika kumahombekombe vana vadiki. Amphibians anokandira mazai pasi dzimwe nguva anoenderera mberi nekusimudzira pasina maitiro ekugadzirisa, ndiko kuti, kuburikidza nekuvandudza kwakananga. Iyo nzira yekusimudzira inotora mwedzi miviri kusvika mitatu, kubva panotanga kukandira mazai kusvika pakupera kwekukura kwetadpole kuita datya rakazara.

Amphibious poison dart matatya kuratidza maitiro anonakidza. Pashure pokunge tadpoles dzachochonya kubva mumazai, hadzi kumusana wayo, rimwe pashure peimwe, rinoaendesa pamusoro pemiti mumabukira emaruva, umo mvura inoungana pashure pokunaya. Mhando yakadaro yedziva ikamuri yakanaka yevana, uko vana vanoramba vachikura. Chikafu chavo mazai asina mbereko.

Kukwanisa kubereka muvana kunowanikwa panenge gore rechitatu rehupenyu.

Mushure mekuita kubereka matatya akasvibira anogara mumvura kana kuramba uri pamahombekombe pedyo nedhamu, nepo shava uchienda kumhara kubva padhamu. Maitiro emhuka dzinonzi amphibians anonyanya kutsanangurwa nehunyoro. Mumamiriro okunze anopisa, akaoma, matatya ebrown anonyanya kusava nehanya, sezvaanovanza kubva mumasikati ezuva. Asi zuva ranyura, dzine nguva yokuvhima. Sezvo rudzi rwematatya egirinhi achigara mumvura kana pedyo nemvura, anovhimawo munguva dzemasikati.

Nekutanga kwemwaka wechando, matatya ebrown anofamba achienda kudhamu. Kana tembiricha yemvura yakwira kudarika tembiricha yemhepo, matatya ebrown negirinhi anonyura pasi pedhamu kwenguva yese yekutonhora kwechando.