Turtle shell: chii uye nei ichidiwa?

Pakati pemarudzi ose ezvinokambaira, mhuka inoshamisa zvikuru ndiyo turtle, inogara ichigara muimba yayo yegomba. Iyo inoshandura zvakanyanya chimiro chemuviri, skeleton uye kuvandudzwa kwemascular apparatus. Kuvapo kweiyo yakaoma stratum corneum pamusoro pemhuka inomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, goko rekamba rakarongwa sei uye rinei?

Nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare: goko rakabva kupi?

Iyo turtle shell inoshanda sechidziviriro kune vavengi, maanogona kugara achihwanda. Ichi ndicho chifukidziro chechokwadi, chinochengetedza mhuka yakavimbika. Goko rine mahwendefa maviri (yepamusoro nepasi), ayo anotsigirwa nembabvu dzakasanganiswa. Izvi zvinogadzira chimiro chakasimba chinogona kumira mitoro inorema.

Kuumbwa kwegoko kwakaenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Tichifunga kuti turtles imhuka dzekare dzakauya kwatiri kubva panguva yeJurassic (makore emamiriyoni mazana maviri apfuura), zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti ivo pakutanga vaive nechimiro chakasiyana. Muna 200, nyanzvi dzekuChina dzakawana marangwanda e“kamba ine mazino ine hafu yegoko.” Iyo turtle shell yakaonekwa munguva yekushanduka-shanduka, uye pakutanga chete chikamu chayo chepamusoro, carpax, chakagadzirwa.

Masayendisiti akawana zvakasara zvehama dzepedyo dzemhuri yekamba, iyo yakasiyana:

• yakagadziridzwa, kwete mbabvu dzakasanganiswa;
• nzara dzakasimba;
• kugadzirwa kwemberi.

Mbabvu dzisina kusanganiswa hadzina kupa dziviriro yakavimbika, asi dzakabvumira mapapu kuti azadze nemhepo. Zvichida, panguva yekuparara kwePermian, apo rima uye kutonhora zvakapinda panyika, madzitateguru ehutu hwepasi akavanda pasi pevhu, achichera makomba. Skeleton uye mhasuru dzakasimba zvakabatsira kuchera pasi pamusimboti wekuchera.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mbabvu dzakatanga kukura pamwe chete, uye mhuka yacho zvishoma nezvishoma yakajairira maumbirwo emuviri wayo, iine unyanzvi hutsva hwekufema uye kufamba. Mbabvu dzakasanganiswa dzakaita kuti zvikwanisike kubatanidza nzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzepasi dze“imba” kuti dzive chinhu chimwe chete, uye goko rakava rinodikanwa nokuda kwekamba nokuda kwedziviriro.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Zvaikwanisika kuwana zvisaririra zveimwe rudzi rwemadzitateguru, uye kubva pamapfupa akapoteredza zvigadziko zveziso, zvakava pachena kuti mhuka dzaipedza nguva yakawanda murima. Izvi zvinosimbisa fungidziro yenzira yepasi pevhu yehupenyu.

Shell chimiro

Pasi pegoko rekamba pane musana, une chimiro chearc, wakakombamira kunze. Mbabvu dzakasungirirwa pairi, iyo yakabatanidzwa kune collarbones muchikamu chavo chezasi. Iyo carpax (iyo inonzi kumashure kwetortoise shell shield) uye plastron (yezasi chikamu) yakanyatsonamirwa kune skeleton uye inobatwa panzvimbo yakagadziriswa nembabvu, saka hazvibviri kudhonza reptile "kubva kunze. imba”. Kamba haigoni kurarama isina goko. Ine maburi matatu chete emusoro, makumbo nemuswe zvinokwanisa kudhonzera mukati.

Chimiro chegomba retorto uye zvakasarudzika zveskeleton zvakakonzera atrophy yeakawanda emudumbu tsandanyama, asi tsandanyama skeleton yemutsipa nemakumbo yakagadziridzwa zvakanaka, iyo inobvumira iyo kukurira mitoro yakakomba kana ichifamba. Iyo keratinized coating inogara yakasimba uye inogona kutsungirira huremu hwe200 kakawanda kupfuura huremu hwemhuka.

Vamwe vanhu vane humbowo hwekukwevera carpax kuplastron, vachigadzira dorsal shield yekamba, pasi payo inonzwa yakachengeteka zvachose, ichivanda mukati. Inoitawo mamwe mabasa, kudzivirira muviri kubva pakunyanyisa kana kushaya kupisa.

Cherechedzo: Kutsveta kwecarapace kunofukidzwa nemitsetse yakadzika nekufamba kwenguva. Kutenda kwavari, herpetologists vanosarudza zera remhuka uye mamiriro ehutano.

Goko rekamba rakagadzirwa nema plates akakora. Pa carpace ye turtle, mahwendefa akarongwa nenzira yakarongeka:

• musana kana mutsara wepakati;
• lateral, iri pamativi egomba;
• mahwendefa emupendero.

Kunze, iyo carpax yakafukidzwa neimwe dhizaini yekeratinized mahwendefa, akaiswa zvisina tsarukano. Kazhinji, izvi zvinokubvumira kuti uite ganda rakasimba remapfupa. Munyika dzinokambaira, inotongwa, muzvinokambaira zvemumvura ine chimiro chakakwenenzverwa.

Iyo plastron inoumbwa ne9 bone maplates, 4 ayo akabatanidzwa. Yepfumbamwe iri pakati pemberi, mahwendefa makuru. Iyo plastron ndiyo kupedzisa kweanatomical yebhanhire remberi uye mbabvu dzayakasungirirwa. Mune mafomu epasi ihombe uye inogara kwenguva refu, mumhando dzemvura inoshandurwa kuita mahwendefa akareruka emuchinjikwa.

Ongorora: Iyo goko rekamba harina kuzara keratinized, rine tsinga nemidziyo yeropa. Painorohwa kana kukuvadzwa, mhuka inokuvadzwa uye mukurwadziwa.

Simba uye ruvara rweganda

Kuti goko rekamba rinogara zvakadii zvinoenderana nerudzi chairwo, ukuru, uye panogara mhuka yacho. Asi haugone kuzvidaidza kuti hazvipindike. Izvi zvinoshandiswa neshiri uye zvikara zvinodonhedza mhuka kubva pakakwirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, "goko rinodzivirira" rinoputika uye hunyoro hunonaka hwagadzirira kudyiwa.

Kana iyo reptile ichigara mukutapwa, inogona kudonhedzwa, kurohwa, kudzvanywa nemusuwo. Zvose izvi zvinotungamirira mukukuvadzwa, sezvo zvinhu zvinogadzirwa negomba rekamba hazvisi zvombo mupfungwa chaiyo yeshoko.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Muzvisikwa, kune elastic turtle, iyo yakafukidzwa negoko rakapfava. Iye mudiki (muviri - kusvika 20 cm) anogara muAfrica rocks uye savannas.

Kana paine njodzi, inokwanisa kupinza mugomba rakamanikana padombo uye mhuka inodya mhuka haikwanise kuiburitsa kubva ipapo.

Iwo mavara uye maitiro ehorny scutes akasiyana, zvinoenderana nemhando uye zita remunhu. Kutenda kudhirowa, zvinokwanisika kutaura zvine chokwadi kuti ndeapi rudzi rweimwe mhuka. Kamba iri mudemhe renhovo dzakanaka, dzine mavara mazhinji ichiri kuvhimwa nevavhimi zvisiri pamutemo. Maumbirwo enyanga anoshandiswa kugadzira mafuremu ezviratidziro, makesi, mibato yebanga nezvimwe zvinhu.

Ko goko rinoumbwa sei mucheche dzekamba?

Zvinokambaira hazvina basa nevana vazvo. Mhuka dzakachochonywa pamwero wemasikirwo adzo dzinomhanyira kugungwa kana kunzvimbo yokuvanda panyika. Munguva iyi, ivo vanotambura zvakanyanya, kunyange zvazvo turtles vanoberekwa nehoko. Asi "gomba rekudzivirira" harisati raumbwa zvakakwana uye "gourmets" (shiri, crabs, raccoons) vanoda kudya vana.

Vanozvigadzirisa pachavo mumamiriro ezvinhu, uye goko rekamba rinoumbwa panguva imwe chete nekukura kwayo, iyo inotora makore anenge gumi, kusvikira mhuka yave yakura. Nhoo itsva dzinotanga kukura kumacheto. Pakati pemahwendefa muvanhu vechidiki pane zvipingamupinyi zvakakura, saka "zvombo" hazvina simba guru. Ipapo mahwendefa oblique anotanga kuwedzera muhukuru uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuvhara. Aya ndiwo kukura kunoita goko rekamba.

Muzvipfuyo, kukura kwayo "piramidi" dzimwe nguva kunogoneka, inova pathology. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuiswa kwakashata kwekeratin - puroteni kubva kune iyo mahwendefa ane nyanga anoumbwa. Panogona kuva nemavara kana kushanduka kwemavara: ichi chiratidzo chekukura kwehutachiona. Zvinokambaira zvinoratidzirwa nekudzorerazve, panguva iyo nzvimbo dzakakuvara dzinokwanisa kuzviporesa.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Kune phosphorus mukuumbwa kwekamba "dome". Kana mhuka inogara muzuva kwenguva yakareba, usiku inokwanisa kupenya, ichipa nzvimbo yemhuka.

Kusiyana kwechimiro chegoko renyika uye turtle dzegungwa

Chimiro cheskeleton yezvipenyu zvegungwa hazvina kunyanya kusiyana nehama dzavo dzepanyika. Turtles dzese dzine goko, asi chimiro chayo chakati siyanei kune vagari vemvura nenyika. Munyika dzinokambaira, inogara kwenguva refu. Ichi simbi yakasimba ine chimiro che convex.

Chii chinonzi deko rekamba inogara munzvimbo ine mvura? Muhupenyu hwemugungwa, ine voluminous uye yakati sandara. Munguva yekushanduka kwe turtle yegungwa, yakagadzira teardrop-yakaita furemu, iyo inogadziriswa uye inokubvumira kukurumidza kufamba muzvikamu zvemvura. Sezvo goko rakati sandara, uye musoro nemapapiro ezvipenyu zvemugungwa zvakakura, haakwanisi kuvanza. Speed ​​​​ndiyo kiyi yekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka uye kugona kuwana chikafu. Mapeji epamberi akakura uye ane simba kupfuura eshure, anobatsira reptile kufamba nekukurumidza.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Vagari vemugungwa vakakura zvakanyanya muhukuru. Izvo "zvakanyanya kuomera" kune zvikara zvakawanda zvemugungwa, sezvo zvisingakwanisi kumedza chikara chihombe.

Pakati pevanhu vemumvura, turtle yeganda inomira kunze neyakasiyana chimiro uye nekudaro inoberekerwa kuita akasiyana subspecies. Haana nzwara pamapapiro ake, uye mahwendefa ane nyanga dzezvombo anotsiviwa nedehwe reganda. Iyi subspecies yekamba inogona kurarama pasina goko. Asi iyi ndiyo yega uye yakasarudzika mhuka, yakafanana nayo isipo.

Goko ndiro "kadhi rekudana" rekamba. Ichi chikara chisina kujairika chinofamba pese pese nemba yacho. Ichionekwa mamiriyoni mazana maviri emakore apfuura, mhuka inoenderera mberi nerwendo rwayo rushoma pasi rose. Iye zvino tava kuziva mhinduro kumubvunzo: sei turtle inoda goko.