Aquarium hove chepfu

Chepfu yakakamurwa kudzika kudzika kuita yakaoma uye isingaperi. 

Acute:

• Hove iri kudzipwa uye inoramba iri pedyo nepamusoro pemvura, kana kuti yakarara pasi
• Kusviba kana kusanduka kwemavara
• Shanduko muruvara rwemuviri - kucheneruka zvakanyanya kana kusviba zvakanyanya
• Kunyanya kubuda mucus
• Mavara matsvuku pamuviri, zvimbi uye gill
• compressed zvimbi
• Kurasikirwa kwekubatana, kudedera nekugwinha
• Meso akagadzika, akapenya (kazhinji hove dzinokwanisa kudzifambisa)
• Anorexia 
• Kunyanya kugumbuka kana kuti kuneta
• Kufa kamwe kamwe

Chisingaperi:

• Kuora mwoyo kukuru kwenguva refu
• kutarisa kusina kunaka
• Kurara mumakona matema
• Kukurumidza kufema
• Kudedera uye kufamba-famba kwemuviri
• compressed zvimbi
• Kudzikira kusadzivirirwa, kubatwa nefungal uye mabhakitiriya zvirwere
• Kunyanya kubuda mucus
• Kufa kwehove zvisina tsananguro  

Zvinokonzera

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvine chepfu kuhove. Mamwe acho - ammonia, nitrites uye nitrate - zvigadzirwa zve nitrogen cycle uye zvinoumbwa zvakasikwa mu aquarium (marara ane nitrogen). Zvimwe zvinhu zvine muchetura zvinogona kuuya nemvura yemupombi, zvakaita seklorini, chloramine, uye mishonga inouraya zvipembenene, iyo inoshandiswa kuuraya mabhakitiriya nemainvertebrates aripo pakunwa mvura yemupombi. Masimbi anorema senge lead nemhangura anowanikwawo mumvura yepombi. Mishonga mizhinji inogona kuita muchetura kuhove mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu (somuenzaniso, muhuwandu hwakawandisa, hwakasanganiswa nemimwe mishonga, kana kunyanya hove dzinonzwa). Chikonzero chakajairika chezvinhu zvine chepfu zvinopinda mumvura ye aquarium hazvina kufanira kushongedza kwe aquarium nemidziyo.

• Metals inogona kugadzira muchetura munyu kana iri mumvura ine munyu kana acidic.
• Matombo anogona kunge aine chepfu.
• Matombo kana epurasitiki kana mahari emaruva akanyudzwa mumvura yakadzika seshongedzo kana kushandiswa pakudyara zvirimwa zvemu aquarium zvinogona kusvibiswa nemishonga yezvipembenene nefetereza inoshandiswa mukurima.
• Mhando dzakawanda dzepurasitiki dzinoburitsa zvinhu zvine chepfu kana yakanyudzwa mumvura. Naizvozvo, shandisa chete zvinhu zvepurasitiki zvakagadzirirwa aquariums kana chikafu.
• Pendi, mavarnish, glues uye dhayi zvine chepfu kunze kwekunge dzakanyatsogadzirirwa kushandiswa muaquarium.
• Wood, driftwood, varnished kana kuiswa nemishonga inogona kuchetura hove dziya dzinokwenya huni, senge chain catfish, gerinocheilus, Siamese algae eaters, uye zvakare kuburitsa zvinhu zvine njodzi mumvura.
• Zvirimwa zvisina kufanira - kusanganisira zvimwe zvinomera zvinotengeswa kuti zvidyarwe mu aquarium.
• Hove uye chikafu checrustacean, kana chisina kuchengetwa zvakanaka, dzimwe nguva chinogona kutungamirira kune chepfu yeaflatoxin. 
• Pendi uye utsi hwevarnish, makemikari, utsi hwefodya, mishonga yezvipembenene yemumba, acaricides, uye maantifungal emumba anogona kupinda mumvura nepamusoro kana nepapombi yemhepo.
• Sipo, zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kupinda muaquarium pamwe nemidziyo, zvinhu zvekushongedza kana pamaoko. 
• Zvinhu zvine muchetura zvinogona kuumba mu aquarium nekutarisirwa kusina kukodzera uye kusingatarisirwi, kudyisa, kuwandisa, kuwandisa kwehupenyu.

Nitrite chepfu

Nitrite (NO2) inoumbwa panguva yekutenderera kwenitrogen uye inoputsika chigadzirwa cheammonia. Nitrites ine chepfu kuhove, asi ishoma pane ammonia. Nitrites inokuvadza hove nekukanganisa hurongwa hwekufema. Kuburikidza nemagill, vanopinda muropa uye ipapo vanokonzera oxidation yehemoglobin. Kuwanda kwe nitrites kunogona kukonzera zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvechepfu yakaoma, pamwe nekufa kubva ku hypoxia. Zviratidzo zveacute nitrite poisoning zvinosanganisira kufema nokukurumidza; hove dzinogara pamusoro pemvura uye dzichifema zvakaoma. Mukuwedzera, kudengenyeka kunoonekwa, kunyanya muhove duku. Iyo gill tishu inogona kuchinja kubva kune yakajairika ine hutano pink ruvara kuenda kune isina hutano ruvara kubva kune yepepuru kusvika kune brown. Munguva pfupi - kubva maawa akawanda kusvika mazuva akawanda, rufu runogona kuitika. Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune zvakasimudzwa zvishoma zve nitrites, kunyangwe zvisingawanzo, zvinokonzeresa kuderera kwehutano uye kudzvinyirira kwe immune system, sekune mamwe marudzi ehupfu hwusingaperi. Kurapa, hove dzinorwara dzinosimwa mumvura yakachena, kana nitrite neutralizing zvinhu zvinowedzerwa kune yekare aquarium. Kana hove ichibvumira munyu zvakanaka, unogona kuwedzera 1 g ku aquarium. tafura yemunyu (sodium chloride) pa 10 malita emvura ye aquarium. Ichi chiyero chichaderedza zvakanyanya huturu hwe nitrites. Imwe mukana ndeye kushandisa matured bio-filter kubva kune rimwe tangi (kana iripo), iyo inowanzounza iyo nitrite concentration kusvika pedyo ne zero mazinga mumazuva 1-2. Dzivirira chepfu yenitrite: chengetedza iyo aquarium zvakanaka, kuyera ma paramita emvura nemiedzo uye chengetedza zero nitrite mazinga mumvura.

Nitrate chepfu

Nitrates (NO3) ndiwo magumo ekugadzirwa kwenitrogen. Nitrates haina muchetura kune hove pane zvimwe zvigadzirwa zve nitrogen cycle, uye muhuwandu hwakaderera hazvikuvadzi hove. Nekudaro, mazinga avo anogona kuwedzera nekusagadzikana kwekuchengetedza aquarium, pamwe nemamwe mafetireza ezvirimwa, kuwandisa uye kuwandisa kwehove. A high nitrate concentration inogona kuonekwa sechiratidzo chekushaya kunaka kwemvura uye inoratidza kudiwa kwekugadzirisa chiito. Nitrates ane chisingaperi kwete acute mhedzisiro. Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakawandisa nitrate mazinga kunogona kutungamirira mukugumburwa, kusagadzikana kusingaperi, hutano husina kunaka, uye kusada kubereka. Inogona kuita kuti hove dzive nyore kubatwa nezvimwe zvirwere. Kamwe kamwe kuratidzwa kune nitrate muhuwandu hwakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairika kunokonzera kuvhunduka kwe nitrate, iyo inofanirwa kutorwa seacute nitrate chepfu - hove dzinowanzo kurwara mazuva 1-3 mushure mekupinzwa mumvura, dzimwe nguva ichiratidza zviratidzo zvehupfu, kazhinji pachipiri kana XNUMX. zuva rechitatu rekuve mu aquarium. "Kugara kutsva", vanowanikwa vakafa. Hove dzakafumurwa nenitrate dzinoita lethargic, kufema nekukurumidza, magill anopenya kuita pink akacheneruka, zvimbi zvakatsikirirwa, kushaya havi yekudya, kucheneruka kwemavara, uye kukwenya kwemuviri. Iyo nitrate concentration mu aquarium inofanira kugara ichiyerwa kuve nechokwadi kuti iri mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka. Kuchengetedza kwakanaka kweiyo aquarium, kudzivirira kuwandisa, kudyisa zvine musoro kwehove uye kugaro shandura mvura isina kukwana, pamwe nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvemvura. batsira kudzivirira matambudziko ane chekuita nehupamhi hwenitrate. Nitrates inogona kubviswa mumvura yepombi uchishandisa reverse osmosis mudziyo.

Ammonia chepfu

  Ammonia inopinda mu aquarium munguva yehupenyu hwehove pachavo. Muhove, ammonia inobudiswa kunyanya kuburikidza nemagill. Inogadzirwawo panguva ye nitrogen cycle. Mune yakavharwa system senge aquarium, ammonia inogona kusvika kune muchetura. Zviratidzo zveammonia chepfu kupfupika kwekufema, kufema kakawanda, kugwinha, kunyanya kufara uye kuita basa, mavara matsvuku pamuviri, kuwandisa kwehutu. Nehupfu hwakanyanya, magill anokuvadzwa, ruvara runoshanduka kubva kune hutano pink kusvika kune tsvuku, hove inoputika uye inofa. Inoitika nekusatarisirwa kwakashata kweiyo aquarium, kuwandisa, kuwandisa, kuwanda kweiyo organic zvinhu, kushaikwa kwefiltration uye aeration. Kuisa yemhando yepamusoro biological sefa mu aquarium, kuchenesa panguva uye kusarudzwa kwakaringana kwezvipenyu uye nhamba yevagari vanogadzirisa dambudziko rekuwandisa ammonia mu aquarium.

Chlorine poisoning

Chlorine inogara iripo mumvura yepombi. Kana chepfu ikaitika, ipapo hove dzinoshanduka dzakacheneruka, kusvika kuchena, uye gill uye muviri zvakafukidzwa nenyuchi, mavara matsvuku anoonekwa pamuviri, mafambiro anoita mhirizhonga, uye kufa kunoitika. Izvi zvinoitika chete kana mvura isati yatanga kurapwa, asi inodururwa muhove zvakananga kubva papombi. Nechikonzero ichi, usati wadyara hove mu aquarium kana kutsiva, mvura inofanira kudzivirirwa mumudziyo kweanenge mazuva 3-4. Kana, zvisinei, izvi hazvigoneke, saka zvakakosha kuwedzera kumvura kana yakakosha maindasitiri mhinduro kuti neutralize chlorine. 

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning

Hydrogen sulfide chepfu inoitika kana kusatarisirwa kwakashata kweiyo aquarium, kuwandisa, kuunganidzwa kwehuwandu hwetsvina kana zvikamu zvezvirimwa zvinoora. Pazasi, anaerobic nharaunda inoumbwa umo nitrate inoshandurwa kuita nitrogen. Ipapo mapuroteni nemaamino acid ane sarufa achaparadzwa. Iyi sarufa ichaderedzwa kuva hydrogen sulfide, gasi risina ruvara rinonhuwa semazai akaora. Mvura inova nemakore, inowana kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi kwemazai akaora, ivhu rinosviba uye rinowana mavara madema. Kana yaiswa muchetura nehydrogen sulfide, hove dzinonzwa kudzipwa, uye, nekuda kwekushaikwa kweokisijeni, dzinokwira pamusoro pemvura uye dzinotora mweya wemuchadenga mumuromo mavo uye / kana dziri pedyo necompressor nozzle kana mvura yakachena. pombi nemhepo kubva kune sefa. Nomuzvarirwo, munyaya iyi, hove dzine kufema nokukurumidza, izvo zvinonyatsooneka kubva pakufamba kwakawanda kwezvivharo zvegill. Kana iyo aquarist isingakurumidzi kutora matanho ekudzikisa mwero wehydrogen sulfide mumvura, ipapo zviratidzo zvechepfu zvinotonyanya kuoma.

Muchiitiko ichi, kurongeka kwekufamba kunokanganiswa muhove, vanova lethargic, vanoita zvisina kunaka kune zvekunze zvinokurudzira, zvino vanosangana nekufa mitezo uye kufa.

Zvakakosha kupa hove chikafu chakawanda sezvavanogona kudya mumaminitsi mashomanana. Kudyisa hakufaniri kudzika pasi uye kuora ipapo. Zvokudya zvakasara zvinofanira kubviswa pakarepo. Mumvura yakachena yemvura, zvigadzirwa zvekuora zve organic zvinhu zvinongoiswa oxidized kune nitrate. Nitrates, semugumisiro wekuparara kweanaerobic pasi, inoshandurwa kuva nitrogen isingakuvadzi, iyo inobviswa nemhepo.

Gasi embolism kubva kune yakawandisa oksijeni

Gasi embolism muhove inoratidzika semabhuru madiki egasi uye mumuviri kana mumaziso. Sezvo mutemo, havaiti ngozi huru yehutano. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nguva, migumisiro inogona kuva yakakomba zvikuru, somuenzaniso, kana lenzi yeziso yakabatwa kana chirwere chebhakitiriya chinotanga panzvimbo yekuputika kwebhubhu. Mukuwedzera, mabhubhu anogonawo kuumba panhengo dzemukati dzinokosha (uropi, mwoyo, chiropa) uye kukonzera kufa kamwe kamwe kwehove.

Chikonzero kukuvadzwa kweiyo filtration system kana mabhuru madiki akawandisa kubva kune compressor spray kana sefa, iyo inonyungudika isati yasvika pamusoro. Chikonzero chechipiri ndechekuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura inotonhorera kupfuura mu aquarium kune aquarium. Mumvura yakadaro, kusanganiswa kwemagasi akanyungudika kunogara kwakakwirira kudarika mumvura inodziya. Sezvo ichipisa, mweya unoburitswa muchimiro cheaya ma microbubbles akafanana. 

Chepfu nemakemikari emumba uye aerosols

Paunenge uchigeza uye kuchenesa iyo aquarium, usashandise zvine hukasha kuchenesa vamiririri; madziro eiyo aquarium anogona kudirwa ne10% soda solution, zvishoma zvinyoro izvo mushure mekurapa kwakadaro hazvive nemhedzisiro inokuvadza pahove. Mukamuri umo aquarium iripo, hazvikurudzirwe kushandisa chero makemikari, mumatambudziko akanyanya, zvinodikanwa kuti uzvishandise zvishoma sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinonyanya kushanda kune pendi, varnishes, solvents, diluted houseplant sprays, mishonga yezvipembenene. Chero kubatwa kwehove nechero muchetura kana chepfu kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo mishonga inouraya utachiona nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Chiutsi chefodya chine chepfu kuhove. Izvo zvakanyanya kusada kuputa mukamuri ine aquarium; nicotine inonyanya kuipa pamvura yegungwa. 

Kemikari chepfu kubva kumidziyo mitsva nekushongedza

Decor zvinhu, ivhu, midziyo - mafirita, hoses, sprayers, kunyanya itsva uye mubvunzo unhu, anogona kusunungura chepfu mumvura inogona kukonzera chisingaperi chepfu muhove. Iwe unofanirwa kunyatso sarudza yepamusoro-yemhando yekushongedza uye zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa chaizvo kuti zvishandiswe mu aquarium.

Metal poisoning

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuti simbi ipinde mu aquarium:

• Kuvapo mumvura yepombi yesimbi yemunyu kubva kumvura yakasikwa.
• Simbi kubva papombi dzemvura uye matangi emvura, kunyanya kubva papombi dzemvura inopisa munzvimbo dzine mvura yakapfava uye ine acid. Mumvura yakadaro, mvura ye calcium carbonate haina kuiswa, iyo inoumba chipingamupinyi pakati pesimbi nemvura, saka mvura ine acidic inowanzoita nesimbi.
• Midziyo yemvura isingakodzeri, kusanganisira matangi akaumbwa nesimbi ane mvura yemunyu, uye zvivharo zvesimbi zvinogara zvichipfapfaidzwa nemunyu kana mvura ine acidic (chikonzero chinogona kunge chakanyanya kusefa kana kufefetera uye kushaikwa kwezvivharo).
• mishonga ine mhangura.
• Kuvapo kwesimbi mumatombo nevhu.

Zviratidzo zvesimbi chepfu zvinogona kusiyana. Kazhinji, maitiro emagetsi mumuviri wehove anovhiringidzika, gill filaments inokuvadzwa, fry inogumburwa uye inowanzofa. Kurapa hove dzinorwara, dzinoiswa kune imwe aquarium. Mune yekare, zvakakosha kubvisa zvitubu zvesimbi, kushambidza ivhu, zvinomera, zvekushongedza. Metal munyu inogona kubviswa ne reverse osmosis kana kuitwa isina kukuvadza nezvimwe zvakakosha zvekugadzirisa mvura zvigadzirwa. Usashandise midziyo yemhangura yemvura inopisa - kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mvura yakapfava. Usati watora mvura yekuwedzera kune aquarium, vhura pombi yemvura inotonhora kwemaminetsi mashoma kuti ubvise mvura yakamira mumapombi. Shandisa chete midziyo yakakodzera mvura ye aquarium uye dzivirira kushandisa zvisizvo uye kushandisa zvakanyanya mishonga ine mhangura.

Mushonga muchetura

Izvo zvinoitikawo kuti kuedza kurapa hove, ivo vanongowedzera kuipa. Kazhinji, saline solutions, malachite green, formalin, manganese, uye mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvinotapukira uye zvirwere. Mishonga inonyungudutswa mumvura, ichiita mabhati ekurapa. Izvo zvinodikanwa kunyatso funga nezve kuverengerwa kwedosi, zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, huwandu hweiyo aquarium uye rudzi rwechirwere. Kuwandisa kwemishonga muhove kunogona kukanganisa nhengo dzinokosha, uye dzinogona kufa. Kuti udzivise izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kubata hove dzinorwara chete munzvimbo yakavharirwa aquarium, kunyatso cherechedza kuyerwa kwezvinodhaka, pamwe nekuenderana kwavo. Hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa mishonga yakasiyana-siyana panguva imwe chete, sezvo mhedzisiro yavo yose inogona kuunza mhedzisiro yakaipa. Muchiitiko chekudarika, zvakakosha kutsiva mvura.

Dyisa chepfu

Hove dzinogona kuiswa muchetura nezvose zviri zviviri chikafu chakaoma uye chipenyu. Chikafu chakaoma, kana chakachengetwa zvisizvo, chinogona kufukidzwa neforoma, uye kana chikadyiswa nechikafu chakadaro, chepfu yeaflatoxin inogona kuitika. Aflatoxin chepfu haina kunyanya kuwanda, asi zvinogoneka kana iyo aquarist ikawana hombe yechikafu uye, mushure mekuvhura iyo pasuru, inoichengeta munzvimbo isina kufanira iyi. Chikafu chinorarama: daphnia mhenyu, cyclops, tubifex, bloodworm, gammarus, etc. kazhinji vanotakura njodzi yakakomba, sezvo ivo, kana vakachengetwa mumadhamu echisikigo, vakasvibiswa netsvina kubva kumaindasitiri, maindasitiri uye edzimba mabhizinesi, pamwe nemamineral fertilizer. uye mishonga yezvipembenene, inounganidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvine chepfu mukati mavo (mugadziri wepombi ane ngozi zvakanyanya mune iyi: mugari wevhu rakasvibiswa, kazhinji kazhinji haigone kugara mumiviri yemvura chete, asiwo mumapuddles, sewers uye kunyange mumapombi etsvina. ) Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinhu zvine chepfu hazvikonzeri kufa kwekrustaceans nehonye, ​​asi zvinounganidza mumiviri yavo muhuwandu hwakakosha. Zvinhu zvine chepfu zvinotanga kuungana mumuviri wehove, zvichikonzera chepfu, inoratidzwa nekutyorwa kwepakati tsinga uye digestive system, izvo zvinogona kuuraya hove. Paunenge uchitenga chikafu, tevera mitemo yekuchengetedza, uye kana uchidyisa chikafu chipenyu, tenga chikafu kubva kune anovimbwa.

Kurapa uye kudzivirira chepfu

Kana chikonzero chaicho chechepfu chisingazivikanwi, saka mhinduro yakanakisisa ndeyokuisa hove mune imwe aquarium ine mvura yakakwirira yakagadzika. Shandisa zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro zvakagadzirirwa yakananga aquarium yekutarisira uye yekushongedza, gara uchiyedza mvura, uye zvakare tevera mitemo yekutarisira aquarium.