Chimiro cheturtle skeleton, maitiro emusana uye dehenya

Mumwe wevagari vekare vepasi, turtles vamiririri vekirasi yeChordata, iyo ine musana wakagadzirwa zvakakwana. Skeleton ine chimiro chisina kujairika: kuwedzera kune mapfupa makuru, kune goko rakabatana nemukati skeletal system. Goko harisi goko rekunze, asi goko rakaomarara rinodzivirira risingagoni kuparadzaniswa nemuviri. Panguva yekuumbwa kweskeleton, mapendekete uye mbabvu "zvinokura mugoko." Zvese mune zvese, torto skeleton idhizaini yakasarudzika inofanirwa kutariswa zvakadzama.

Skeleton chimiro

Skeleton yese yekamba yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvitatu:

• dehenya, iro rinoumbwa necranium, shaya uye hyoid apparatus;
• axial skeleton, inosanganisira goko, vertebrae uye mapfupa anodhura;
• appendicular skeleton, kusanganisira mitezo, mapfupa echipfuva uye pelvis.

Chikara chinononoka nekuti chinodya huswa (marudzi mazhinji) hunogona kuwanikwa nyore. Uye hapana chikonzero chekutiza kubva kune zvikara: goko rakaomarara inovimbika kudzivirira kune vavengi. Kamba inokwanisa kufamba nekukasika, asi skeleton inorema pakufamba.

Kamba i vertebrate here kana kuti invertebrate?

Ichokwadi chokuti turtle imhuka ine vertebrate inogona kuonekwa nekuongorora maitiro emusana. Madhipatimendi ayo akafanana neaya emhuka dzinoyamwisa: idzi cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral uye caudal.

Iyo turtle ine 8 cervical vertebrae, iyo iyo 2 yepamberi yakabatana inofamba, iyo inobvumira mhuka kuti inyatso fambisa musoro wayo nekuiisa pasi pegoko. Dhipatimendi rinoumba muviri (thoracic uye lumbar) rakabatanidzwa nechokumusoro chegoko - iyo carapace.

Nharaunda yechipfuva inotanga ne vertebrae yakareba iyo yakabatana ne sternum, ichiita ribcage ye turtle.

Iyo sacral vertebrae inoumba lateral maitiro akabatana nemapfupa epelvic. Muswe wacho une 33 vertebrae, iwo anoratidzirwa nekufamba kunoshamisa. Varume vane muswe wakareba kupfuura vakadzi, mu cloaca iyo oviduct iripo. Skeleton yevarume idiki zvakare: varume "vadiki" pane vakadzi.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Hazvibviri kudhonza mhuka kubva mu "imba". Goko rakanyatsobatanidzwa neskeleton. Iine musana uye chikamu chechipfuva chine mbabvu dzakagadziridzwa. Izvo zvakasiyana ndeye leatherback turtles, umo shell inoparadzaniswa kubva kumusana uye inoumbwa nemahwendefa maduku emapfupa.

Musoro skeleton

Dehenya rekamba rinenge ranyungudika. Iine mapfupa akawanda anoumba mubatanidzwa wakagadziriswa. Inoumbwa nemadhipatimendi maviri: visceral uye cerebral. Iyo visceral chikamu inofamba uye ine shaya uye sublingual zvishandiso.

Panzvimbo pemazino, reptile ine mahwendefa akapinza ane nyanga pashaya, anoshanduka kuita muromo. Mashaya anofambiswa uye ane simba musculature, nekuda kwekuti simba rekumanikidza reshaya rinowedzerwa.

Chimiro chemakumbo

Kana tikafunga chimiro chepfudzi uye bhanhire repelvic tichishandisa muenzaniso weskeleton ye turtle ine marashi, saka chimiro chavo chisina kujairika chinooneka zvakajeka:

• bhanhire repafudzi rinovakwa kubva ku3 elongated, radius mapfupa;
• iyo scapula, inowanikwa vertically, inosungirirwa kune carapace nerubatsiro rwethoracic vertebra;
• bhanhire repelvic, rine 3 mapfupa makuru akabatanidzwa nemusana uye carapace;
• iyo vertically inowanikwa iliac mapfupa inopinda mune ischial uye pubic, iyo ine yakachinjika kurongeka.

Mamiriro ezvinhu emakumbo ndeokuti mapfupa ehudyu nemapfudzi mapfupi, kune mapfupa mashoma echiwoko, metatarsus, tarsus uye phalanges yeminwe. Chimiro ichi chakajairika kune zvinokambaira pasi zvinotsamira paminwe.

Muhupenyu hwemvura, mapfupa eminwe akareba; vanogadzira mapapiro anodiwa pamararamiro emumvura. Hadzi dzinoshandisa mapapiro adzo kuuya kumahombekombe dzichichera makomba ekukandira mazai adzo.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Skeleton yezvombo yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti imwe yemajoini anofambiswa anobatsira "kuvanza" zvachose nhengo dzemuviri mukati kana njodzi ichisvika.

Shell chimiro

Chimiro cheturtle skeleton chakachinja zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvapo kwegoko. Uku kuumbwa kwenyanga kwakakosha kumhuka uye kunoita basa rinotevera:

• anoponesa kubva mukukuvadzwa;
• inodzivirira kubva kune zvikara;
• inochengetedza kupisa kwemuviri nekuchengetedza kupisa;
• inobatanidza skeleton pamwe chete, ichigadzira skeleton huru.

Pamuenzaniso we skeleton ye marsh turtle, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti goko rinoumbwa nemapfupa emapfupa akakura pamwe chete kuti aite zvombo zvakasimba. Pakati pemahwendefa pane cartilage. Nekuda kweizvi, reptile inokwanisa kubata huremu hwakapetwa ka200 huremu hwayo.

Kana iwe ukatarisa skeleton yekamba muchikamu, ipapo goko rinoumbwa neyakakombama dorsal carapace uye flatter ventral plastron. Iyo carapace inovakwa kubva ku38 horny scutes, uye kune gumi nematanhatu acho muplastron. Zvichienderana nemhando uye mararamiro, nhamba yakasiyana yeplateti uye chimiro chehoko inoumbwa.

Iyo carapace ndiyo "link" ine skeleton, ndeye iyo iyo maitiro e vertebrae akabatanidzwa, uye yakasimba arched musana inopfuura pasi payo. Kamba ndeyemhuka dzakasiyana dzine zvese zvekunze uye neskeleton yemukati.

Izvi zvinonakidza: Deko racho rakafanana nenhoo yakasimba, isingapindiki. Asi yakashongedzerwa nemagumo etsinga nemidziyo yeropa, saka kana "imba" yakakuvadzwa, turtle inonzwa kurwadziwa.

Maraka ekamba akaumbwa sei?

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti madzitateguru ekare ekamba akararama muTriassic yeMesozoic era, kureva, mamiriyoni 220 emakore apfuura. Goko racho rakaumbwa kubva pambabvu, uye “dome” remahwendefa rakakura zvishoma nezvishoma.

Imwe yemadzitateguru emarudzi emazuva ano ndeye Odontochelys semitestacea, iyo inogara munharaunda yemvura uye yakawanikwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Aive nemazino mushaya.

Kuumbwa kwegomba hakuna kupera: iyo carapace yakaumbwa nembabvu dzakawedzerwa, uye plastron yakanga yatotora chimiro chayo chemazuva ano. Mhuka isina kujairika yaisiyaniswa nechikamu chemuswe chakareba uye zvigadziko zveziso zvakawanda mudehenya. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti Odontochelys semitestacea yaigara mumakungwa.

Kamba imhando yakasiyana nedzimwe ine demhe. Iko kuvonga kwaari kuti reptile ine hurongwa husina kujairika hwemapfupa uye imwe "inoshamisa" skeleton. Iyo ine simba furemu inobvumira turtle kujairana nehupenyu mumvura uye panyika. Uye zvino mubvunzo: ko turtle ine musana inobviswa kubva pachirongwa.